Caddo/ Station 1 Lived along the Red River and East Texas. One of the three Southeastern tribes.

Caddo: Included more than 20 groups this groups were part of large association or union confederacies, or alliances that united for a common purpose Most advanced culture of all TX Indians Lived & farmed in clearings in the forest Major crops: corn, beans, squash, & sunflower seeds They also hunted deer, bear, and bison for meat.

Homes were huge, cone-shaped domes covered in grass that could be up to 60 ft. in diameter!

-Made clothes from buffalo and deerskin. -Tattooed streaks on their faces -“Tay-yas” means friends. The name Texas originated from this Caddo word. Trade: Developed a vast trade network from that stretched from the Great Lakes to the Gulf of Mexico -Traded clay pottery and hunting bows for turquoise, shells, & copper

Atakapan/ Station 2 Lived South of Caddo from LA to Galveston Bay Member of the Southeastern cultural group. Most lived along the bay, marshy swampland = little farming Hunter-gatherers-Hunted large reptiles, eating the meat and using the oil from the alligator as an insect repellent. Lived in dome-shaped brush huts (covered with bearskins in winter)

Wichita/ Station 3 -North Central TX to Red River Member of the Southeastern cultural group -Shorter & darker than most tribes - “Raccoon eyes” men tattoos around eyes -Farmers who tended large fields of corn, pumpkins, squash, melons, beans, & plum trees -Obtained horses from Kiowa & became hunters -Seasonal nomads: after fall harvest, left home and roamed the plains hunting buffalo. Spring would return to plant crops. -Lived in tipis (easy to move from place to place)

Area occupied by the Wichita tribe.

Tonkawa/ Station 4 -Occupied the Southern Plains region of Texas. Member of the Plains Culture. Nomadic hunters who fought with other tribes including the Apache, Cando, and Wichita. -Chose war chiefs to lead them (fought to defend their land) -Buffalo was main source of food & materials for making clothing & tools -Lived in tipis covered in buffalo skin -Once obtained horses, tried to move to plains w/more buffalo, but Comanche & Apaches prevented it

-Pushed east w/even fewer buffalo -Had to become hunter-gatherers -Brush & grass replaced buffalo hides for tipis -Foods included: roots, seeds, fruit, acorns, pecans, rabbit, skunks, rats, rattlesnakes & turtles instead of buffalo.

Apache/ Station 5 Settled in the Southwest from present day Texas to Arizona. Lived in west and central Texas. Relied on the bison for their food supply, and were among the first American Indian tribes to adopt the use of the horse from Europeans. Fought with the Jumano for control of the region.

-Clothes made of deerskin -Used buffalo hide robes in winter to stay warm -Lived in tipis covered in buffalo hide -During spring/summer lived in small villages Women planted & harvested crops of corn, beans, pumpkins, and watermelons. -Winter/fall were nomadic & followed buffalo -One of the first tribes to have horses (could ride 100 miles/day!)

Comanche/ Station 6 Moved into Texas during the last 1700s. Lived in the of West Texas.

-Acquired horses from Spanish in 1600’s -Became expert riders & warriors of the plains -Chief with limited power -Could act only with approval from the council (all adult males) -Decisions had to be unanimous -Entire way of life depended on the buffalo -Buffalo provided clothing, shelter, & most food -Hunted year-round

-Lived in tipis/nomads -Decorated their bodies -Made most clothes from buffalo hides -Women had short hair/men wore long braids -Made regular raids on Apache villages in order to push them off their land

Kiowas/ Station 7 -Came to TX late (1830’s) and only occupied Northern Panhandle, member of the Plains culture. -Raiding tribe! -Attacks brought conflict w/the Comanche -Made peace and became allies (people who help each other to benefit them both) -Culture similar to other Plains tribes: Nomads, buffalo hunters, rode horses, lived in tipis, and traveled in bands

-Celebration of the Sun Dance: -important religious ceremony -men danced to bring good fortune to tribe -lasted 3 or 4 days -could not eat or drink while dancing

Jumano People/ Station 8 *Established villages between Pecos and Rio Grande Rivers around 1200 A.D. Member of the Plains cultural group. -Farmers & lived in pueblos -Grew corn, beans, and squash (men did most farming) -Most fields were close to rivers & streams to provide a reliable source of water -Life was difficult – not much could grow in the desert

-Gathering wild plants was important -Great traders. Supplied crops and in exchange received animal hides, meat, wild nuts/beans found on plains. -“Striped people” b/c painted horizontal lines on their faces -Among first Texas tribes to have horses -Driven towards the Rio Grande by the Apaches

The Tigua/ Station 9 *Oldest group of Native Americans still living in TX today, near El Paso Member of the Puebloan culture. -Farmers who grew corn, beans, squash -Often built shelters to stay in their fields to drive off animals at night -Game: deer, rabbits, antelope, and other small game -Made pottery from nearby deposits of clay -Had a kiva: large room used for meetings & religious purposes -Council governed the tribe and elected the chief -Chief also religious leader -Performed special rituals at harvest time and in hopes of rain

The Jornada/ Station 10 Lived in Southwest Texas, near present day El Paso. Built their homes in the Puebloan style of using adobe. Survived by growing corn, beans, and squash. Hollowed-out granite hills to collect water. For unknown reasons the Jornada disappeared around the year Member of the Puebloan culture.

The Coahuiltecan/ Station 11 Lived in the dry South Texas Plains between San Antonio & Corpus Christi, a land marked by scrub plants, and little water. Lived in hundreds of independent bands

-Hunter-gatherers who used bows and arrows to hunt deer, and small animals such as armadillo, rabbits, lizards, snakes, spiders, insects, worms, and birds. Fished in streams that had water year around. Gathered plant food such as fruit from the prickly pear, mesquite beans, nuts. And tuber, which are root vegetables. No animal common enough for steady food source…ate many things! Member of the Gulf Coast cultural group.

---Lived in dome-shaped huts covered with reed mats/animal hides -Men hunted game like javelinas -1700’s were competing w/the Apaches for land, food, other resources. -Cattle brought by Spanish missionaries eating the plants -To avoid starving, some left for Mexico, others worked for the Spanish in the missions -Over time, most died from European diseases brought by the Spanish

The Karankawas/ Station 12 *Lived along Gulf Coast. -Fished in coastal bays, hunting, and gathering -Used dug out canoes along the coast -When fish were scarce, they broke into small bands of 30 to 40 and moved inland to hunt deer and gather fruits, seeds, leaves, etc. -Communicated w/sending smoke signals!

- Came together for defense, religious ceremonies, or other events -Men pierced lower lip and chest with small pieces of cane -Women helped with hunting and did household chores -Warfare was a fact of life In 1528 the Karankawa were perhaps the first Texas Native American tribe to make contact with Europeans. -Disease and the arrival of American settlers later in the 1800’s wiped out the Karankawa.