Lesson 33 Conditional

Including the repetition of  Unreal conditional Repetition

I. Unreal Conditional: When the condition is opposite to reality A opposite to present realitypresent B opposite to past reality C opposite the future reality D complicated form

Opposite to the present reality  Main clause Would / should / could /might + to do  Conditional clause did were

 He would/ could/ might visit us if he were/was in town.  He would/could make good grades if he didn’t get nervous.

Opposite to past reality Main clause Would / should / Could/ might + to have done Conditional clause Had +done

We would/could/might have called you if we had known your telephone number. A: Why didn’t you pay Tom? B: You didn’t tell me to. If you’d told me to, I’d have paid him of course.

The mixing of A and B If writing had never been invented, we would have had no books. If writing had never been invented, we would have no books. If we were on holiday now, we’d be having a wonderful time.

Exercise 1. I never _____ (get) here in time if you hadn’t given me a lift in your car. 2. If he’d taken his doctor’s advise he still ___ be alive. 3. If I ____ (have) a car, I’d have lent it to her yesterday.

Speakers take the condition as reality, or just put forth condition and do not give any subject supposition. 2. Real Condition

Typical form of the real conditional Main clause Will/ shall+ do Conditional clause Do/does

If it’s ready he’ll bring it tomorrow. What are you going to do if it rains? If I see her If I can find her If I must I’ll give her your message. If you want me to

Some differences in use  1) (a) if it rains, I’ll go by car. (b) If it rains, I go by car.  2) (a) If you take a seat, you won’t become tired. (b) If you will take a seat, he’ll see you in a minute. (c) If you would kindly wait a moment, I’ll see what I can do.

 3) (a) If you would try Italian food, you would like it. (b) If Beth should learn to type well, her parents would buy her a typewriter.

Exercise Put the verbs in brackets into a correct form to make a real conditional. 1. if you add six and three, you ____ (get) nine. 2. She’ll lose weight if she ____ (go) on a diet. 3.If he’s poor, at least he ____ (be) honest.

Some additional points 1) Some words that can replace if: Unless, provided (that); providing (that); as long as; on (the) condition that; for fear (that)/lest; in case. I’ll lend you the money on condition that you return it within six months.

2) Some structure that can replace the conditional clause  Take these pills, in case you feel ill on the boat.  Take these pills in case of feeling ill on the boat.

Suppose that you wanted to learn to make furniture. What would you do first? What if you’re late? Where shall I wait for you? 3) Independent form and omitted form

4 The inverted form of the conditional clause  If John were here now, he would explain the whole matter. Were John here now, he would explain the whole matter. If you had asked me, I would have told you the answer. Had you asked me, I would have told you the answer.

Exercise  Rephrase the following sentences, using the suggested alternative expression in brackets.  You can’t live without food. (unless)  What if it rained? (suppose)

Direct and Indirect speech Lesson 34

1. the changing of verb: if the reporting verb is in the present tense, then the verb in the indirect speech has no change in tense and case. The changes from direct speech to indirect speech

2. If the reporting verb is in the past tense, then the verb in the indirect speech should be put to its past further. He said, “The committee are quarrelling among themselves.”  He said the committee were quarrelling among themselves. He said, “The secretary has turned down the proposal.”  He said the secretary had turned down the proposal.

3.But in the following occasion, the verb in the indirect speech doesn’t change. a) The quotation is object fact, scientific truth, present habitual action and maxim, it doesn’t change. He said, “ The word ˋ laser ˊ is an acronym.  He said the word “laser” is an acronym.

b) The quotation is in subjunctive mood. “ I suggest the meeting be put off till next week,” he said.  He suggested the meeting be put off till the next week.

c) The state and action which is quotated is still going on. “ I’m forty,” he said.  He said he is forty.

d) The modal verb in the quotation doesn’t have past tense form. He said, “ It must be pretty late. I really must go.”  He said it must be pretty late, and he really must go.

4 Other changes 1)pronoun: the first person pronoun should be changed to the third person; the second person pronoun should be put to the first peron pronoun. He said, “ We love our country.”  He said they love their country.

Demonstrative pronoun and determiner:  this  that /it these  those/ they/them

2) The changes of time adverbial 1. He said, “ It was completed a year ago.” 2.  He said it had been completed a year before. 3. Today  that day 4. This morning/ afternoon  that morning / afternoon 5. Tomorrow  the folloing day

Yesterday  the day before, the previous day The day before yesterday  two days before Tomorrow  the following/ next day The day after tomorrow  two days after, in two days time

Next week/ month, etc  the next week/ month, etc Last week/ month  the week/ month before Now  then

Exercise Put the following into indirect speech 1 “ In most countries red stands for danger,” said Mr. Jackson. 2 “ I wish I had six weeks for a holiday,” said Mr. Jones.

The indirect speech in interrogative sentences Direct speechIndirect speech “Whether”, “if’ In general question He said to me, “ May I go?” He asked me if he might go. Use the “Wh-” special question He asked me, “ What is your name?” He asked me what my name was.

1. Are you being attended to, sir ? 2.Why is your mother driving so fast? 3.Why not take more exercise? Exercise

 Ask, order, tell, beg, warn remind, advise should be used. “Leave the room quietly.”  He told me to leave the room quietly. “Be careful with the dog.” I warned you to be careful with the dog. Imperative sentence

Exercises Put the following into indirect speech, using the verb in the bracket: 1. Climb in through the window. (order) 2. Don’t let it boil over. (warn) 3. Wash it in lukewarm water. (recommend).

Exclamatory Sentence 1) Use “what”, “how”, “that” “what a lovely house!”  He remarked what a lovely house it was.  he remarked that it was a lovely house. 2) change it into a declarative sentence “ What beautiful weather!”  He commented on the beautiful weather.

Lesson 35 Free Indirect Speech

What is Free Indirect Speech?  It is a kind of mixing point between direct and indirect speech. Generally speaking, it belongs to indirect speech, with no quotation mark, there are changes on person, demonstrative pronoun, determiner. But it keeps some characteristics of direct speech, such as, it doesn’t use reporting clause, and it can keep the question order, and use address.

AAgnes: “ Why do they always have to pick on me?” (direct speech) AAgnes asked why they always had to pick on her. (indirect speech) WWhy did they always (groaned Agnes) have to pick on her? (free indirect speech) SSo that was their plan, was it? He well knew their tricks, and would show them a thing or two before he was finished. (free indirect speech)

Free indirect speech is used to show the psychological action of a person, and usually used in literary work.

Lesson36 Concord

 Agreement between component phrase in the relation of person.

Three Principle a) Grammatical concord b) Notional concord c) Principle of proximity 1. Agreement between subject and predicate

2) Some important point. a) If the centre noun is time, measurement  v single form.  Ten dollars is not enough.  Three months passes in no time at all on the ranch.

b) The centre word is all, most, half, the last, the rest, the remainder. The predicate is determined by the reference these words refer to.  The last of the wine is gone.  The last of the rolls are gone.

c) The subject is lots of, loads of, scads of +n, the predicate is determined by the n. after these words. There’s loads of milk on the farm. There are loads of big red apples on the ground.

d) If the subject is “a portion of, a series of, a kind of”+ n, the predicate should take single form. A series of pre-recorded tapes has been prepared for language laboratory use. But after these/ those kind /type of + n pl. The predicate should take plural form. These kind of tests are good.

5) When numeral word is the centre of NP, the predicate can be single or plural.  Forty from ninety-five leaves fifty-five.  Seventeen times two hundred and eighteen makes three thousand, seven hundred and six.  Six sevens are forty-two.  Five and five make ten.

6) Many a, more than, one+ n single  Many a comrade has sacrificed his life for the revolution.

7) The +adj., if indicate a type of person  v, pl if indicate a concept,  v. simple TThe blind are taught trades in special schools. TThe good in him overweighs the bad.

8) Either (neither)+ of+ n. pl.+ v. pl. I don’t think either of them are at home. Neither of the children are quite capable of looking after the baby.

2 Some compound structures 1) if nouns are connected by and, both…and, +v pl A boy and a girl want to go. Both rice and wheat are grown in that country.

If the coordinate subject indicate one person, one thing, or one concept then single form is used.  Pancakes and syrup is a tasty breakfast.  Your colleague and former college friend is near death’s door.

2)In the structure of each…and each…, the v verb should use single form.  Each man and each woman is asked to help.

3) When not only…but (also), either… or, neither…nor, or, connect coordinate subject, the verb is decided by the nearest n. or NP. My sister or my brother is likely to be at home. Neither the president of the company nor the sales manager is a college graduate.

Exercise Choose an acceptable verb, giving two answers where necessary. 1. Ham and eggs (makes, make) a hearty breakfast for a growing boy. 2. He’s one of those men who never (cares, care)how they look. 3. Cold cereal and milk (is, are) Dad’s favourite pick-me-up.

Pronoun Concord The pronoun in the sentence should agree with the number, gender, person or agree with the noun which it indicates. When such pronoun as everyone, everybody, no one, nobody, anyone, anybody, someone, somebody act as subject, their corresponding pronoun usually take single form.

 Anybody can attend the meeting if he is interested.  Everybody talked at the top of his voice.  If anyone calls, tell him I’ll be back later.