UNIVERSITY OF MONTENEGRO

FINAL TEST PREPARATION

CONDITIONAL CLAUSES

GERUND AND INFINITIVE

INFINITIVES ARE THEREFORE DIVIDED INTO: FULL INFINITIVE – TO DO, TO PLAY, TO GO BARE INFINITIVE – DO, PLAY, GO

WE USE BARE INFINITIVE WITHOUT TO: AFTER VERBS MAKE AND LET: SHE MADE ME SIGN THE CONTRACT. THEY MAKE ME GO TO WORK. SHE HAS MADE ME REPAINT THE OFFICE. THEY LET US GO. SHE HAS LET US FILL INJ THE FORM. WE ALSO USE BARE INFINITIVE AFTER ALL MODAL VERBS: CAN, SHOULD, MUST, WILL... THEY CAN CALL YOU. WE MUST GO NOW.

WE USE FULL INFINITIVE, WITH TO:

PAY ATTENTION: AFTER ON, IN, AFTER, BY, TO, AT, ABOUT, HOW ABOUT, BEFORE WE USE ING! THEY ARE TALKING ABOUT (MOVE) MOVING SHE IS GOOD AT (SWIM) SWIMMING

PAY SPECIAL ATTENTION: AFTER LOOK FORWARD WE USE TO + VERB + ING SHE LOOKS FORWARD (HEAR) YOU. TO HEARING THEY LOOK FORWARD (MEET) US. TO MEETING WE ARE LOOKING FORWARD TO (VISIT) YOU. TO VISITING

WE ALSO USE V+ING AFTER EXPRESSIONS: TO BE BUSY, IT IS NO USE, WOULD YOU MIND HE IS BUSY PREPARING FOR THE EXAM. IT IS NO USE TRYING. WOULD YOU MIND OPENING THE WINDOW? WOULD YOU MIND DOING THIS EXERCISE?

Complete the Dialogues with either the infinitive or gerund. A: Did you decide ________ (take) the job you were offered? B: Well, at first it really seemed _________ (to be) a good offer, and I considered ________ (take) it. But, ultimately, I decided not _________ (accept) the offer. A: Why not? B: Well, I was worried about _________ (be) forced to travel a lot. The job offer involved a lot of international travel. I am not intereseted in ________ (travel) overseas for weeks at a time. A: I would have accepted the position. I don’t mind ________ (travel) abroad. B: I know. It just wasn’t right for me. I still intend _______ (get) a new job and I hope ________ (find) something by the end of this year.

1. James offered _______________ Ben a lift to the airport. (give) 2. Would you mind _______________ back in about twenty minutes? I'm in the middle of a meeting. (phone) 3. It's not worth _______________ to the meeting now. It's almost over. (go) 4. They arranged _______________ at a hotel near the aiport rather than in the city centre. (stay) 5. We've decided _______________ some more staff for the summer season. (hire) 6. Nicolette can't help _______________ that the project is going to be a complete disaster. (think)

7. Stewart refused _______________ the terms of his new contract. (discuss) 8. Do you fancy _______________ us for dinner tonight? (join) 9. The company plans _______________ twenty new stores across the United States this summer. (open) 10. "Have you managed _______________ at the proposal yet?" - "Sorry, I've been really busy. I promise _______________ it tonight though." (look at; read)

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE

Affirmative sentences: SubjectAuxiliary VerbPast Participle I You We They haveseen He She It hasseen

Negative sentences: SubjectAuxiliary VerbPast Participle I You We They haven’t (=have not)seen He She It hasn’t (=has not)seen

EVER NEVER SINCE FOR ALREADY JUST YET LATELY RECENTLY THIS IS THE FIRST/SECOND TIME IN THE LAST FEW YEARS THREE TIMES/FOUR TIMES

1. We are happy to inform you that we (establish) a new branch in Australia. 2. Bob Westley (sign ) the contract. 3. We (acquire) a new customer. 4. Alice Wilson (agree) to organise the teams. 5. I (print out / just) the letter. 6. Our customers (be / always) satisfied with our services. 7. Unfortunately, you (react / not) to our reminder notice. 8. Hannah (send / not) out the quotation yet. 9. Which company (submit) the most favourable offer?

Translate the following sentences: 1. Kupili su kuću. 2. Pročitali su knjigu. 3. Vidio sam ga jednom od ponedjeljka. 4. Da li si ikada bio u Lisabonu? 5. Još nije bio u Londonu. 6. Upravo su doputovali. 7. Koliko dugo živite ovdje?

Past Simple:  When sth happened at a particular/specific moment in the past.  Sth that ended in the past.  Example sentences: He worked in a factory in 1834 I wrote this letter when I was 16.

6/10/ ) IF A VERB IS REGULAR WE ADD – ED 2) IF THE VERB IS IRREGULAR WE USE “THE SECOND COLUMN”

Past Simple: HOW?  Verb+ed/ 2nd column  Did/didn’t  DID/DIDN’T folowed by: infinitive +?- I workedDid I work?I didn’t work You workedDid you work?You didn’t work He workedDid he work?He didn’t work She workedDid she work?She didn’t work It workedDid it work?It didn’t work We workedDid we work?We didn’t work You workedDid you work?You didn’t work They workedDid they work?They didn’t work

 I went to school five minutes ago.  She swept the flat.  They broke the window.

 To talk about the actions that were completed in the past.  The time is known or can be understood from the context.  Common time expressions: yesterday, last week, last month, in 1998, five minutes ago, when …

Translate the following sentences: 1. Kupili su kuću juče. 2. Pročitali su knjigu prošle nedjelje. 3. Vidio sam ga u ponedjeljak. 4. Sreo sam ga prije pet minuta. 5. Naš čas je počeo u 08:10 6. Vidio sam ih zajedno prije dva dana.

HAVE IN MIND: WHEN – SIMPLE PAST, HOW LONG – PRESENT PERFECT WITH: THIS IS THE FIRST/SECOND/THIRD/HUNDREDTH TIME WE ALWAYS USE THE PRESENT PERFECT TENSE! THIS IS THE FIRST TIME I HAVE VISITED ENGLAND. THIS IS THE SECOND TIME I HAVE EATEN DARK CHOCOLATE.

The company ________________________ (not upgrade) the computers since The company _________________(relocate) last year but no one likes the new office. There ________________________(be) a boom in office rents in the last six months. The government _________________________(deregulate) the insurance industry in the middle of last year. The company _______________________________ (downsize) the workforce six months ago and now there aren’t enough staff to do all the work. Sales of the new product ___________________________ (make great strides = improve) in the last two months, but it is still losing money. How long (you, be) losing money?

VOCABULARY EXERCISE

1C2A3C4A5C6B7C8A

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING EXPRESSIONS: TO BE GIVEN THE GREEN LIGHT TO FLOG A DEAD HORSE TO GET HOLD OF TO GO THROUGH THE ROOF TO KEEP UP TO DATE

sell ice to Eskimos to persuade people to go against their best interests or to accept something unnecessary or preposterous. That salesman is such a smooth talker, he could sell ice to Eskimos.

sleeping partner a person who has put money into a business company but who is not actually involved in running it Tom found a sleeping partner to invest money in his business.

a dead duck a plan, an event, etc. that has failed or is certain to fail and that is therefore not worth discussing The project was a dead duck from the start due to a lack of funding.

TRANSLATION EXERCISES

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1.AKO NEMATE DOVOLJNO NOVCA NEMOJTE KUPOVATI AKCIJE TE KOMPANIJE. 2.ZAŠTITA Ž IVOTNE SREDINE JE JAKO BITNA MODERNIM KUPCIMA. 3.AKO KAMPANJA BUDE USPJEŠNA, SVI RADNICI DOBI Ć E POVIŠICU. 4.AKO SE BRINETE ZA Ž IVOTNU SREDINU, U Č LANITE SE U NEKU NVO KOJA SE BAVI ZAŠTITOM Ž IVOTNE SREDINE 5.AKO PROFIT OPADNE, MORA Ć EMO DA OTPUSTIMO VELIKI BROJ RADNIKA. 6.ISTRA Ž IVANJE TR Ž IŠTA JE POKAZALO DA SU MNOGI KUPCI O Č EKUJU OD KOMPANIJA DA SE ODGOVORNO PONAŠAJU.

TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: 1.IF YOU DON’T HAVE ENOUGH MONEY, DON’T BUY THE SHARES OF THAT COMPANY. 2.PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT IS VERY IMPORTANT TO MODERN CONSUMERS. 3.IF THE CAMPAIGN IS SUCCESSFUL, ALL THE WORKERS WILL GET A RAISE. 4.IF YOU ARE CONCERNED ABOUT THE ENVORONMENT, JOIN/BECOME A MEMBER OF A NGO WHICH DEALS WITH THE PROTECTION OF ENVIRONMENT. 5.IF PROFITS FALL. WE WILL HAVE TO FIRE A LARGE NUMBER OF WORKERS. 6.MARKET RESEARCH HAS SHOWN THAT MANY CONSUMERS EXPECT THE COMPANIES TO BEHAVE RESPONSIBLY.

I TRANSLATE THE FOLLOWING SENTENCES: Kompanije tvrde da ne koriste dječju radnu snagu i ne zagađuju okolinu. The company should pay suppliers on time and it should train all its employees. If your profits fall the shareholders' dividend will decrease as well. Naše cijene mogu pasti ukoliko naše stalne mušterije izgube povjerenje. Mislim da treba da taj problem ozbiljno da shvatimo. Ukoliko kompanija sprovodi neodgovorne marketing strategije, potrošači neće kupovati njene proizvode. If a company delays payments, what will be the consequences and who will make it up to our customers?

The Late Payment of Debt Bill will soon become law and small businesses will be able to charge interest to larger businesses that pay late. The creditor will be able to charge interest at 8% over the base rate prescribed by the Central Bank. Montenegrins settle their invoices in 30 days and creditors do not have to impose interest. Moramo proširiti svijest o posljedicima kasnog plaćanja ili ćemo postati žrtve neodgovornih dužnika. Naming and shaming exercise might have more impact than the legislation itself.

Prije 18 mjeseci dugovali su nam evra, a danas svi plaćaju fakture na vrijeme i nema više taktika izbjegavanja. I have a serious cash-flow problem because I am owed a lot of money. Nisam imao namjeru da Vam previše naplatim, postajala je greška u fakturi. Veliki broj kompanija pomogao nam je da sakupimo novac za nove poslovne prostorije. Mnoge kompanije izbjegavaju da daju detalje o svojim poslovnim aktivnostima i zaradama radnika. Ova kompanija je uspješna jer dostavlja jako kvalitetne prozvode po niskim cijenama.

Proširili smo posao otkad nam se on pridružio jer nas je naučio kako da budemo konkurentni. Profit je porastao u poslednje dvije godine i troškovi proizvodnje su smanjeni otkad smo se spojili sa njima. Udio na tržištu se drastično povećao u poslednje vrijeme a prošle godine smo otvorili nov fabriku u Aziji. Japan is the most competitive soft drinks market as there a lot of soft drinks manufacturers there. The Coca Cola company has floated 49% of its shares on the London stock exchange and has retained 51% of the shares.

Naše istraživanje je pokazalo da je istočna Evropa tržište koje se najbrže širi i u kome skoro da nema konkurencije. They are fighting to gain supremacy and defeat competitors in the market by lowering prices. They gave a company a leg up to help it retain its lead in the competitive field of soft drinks. The business is booming even though the competition is trying to outplay us by playing dirty.