© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Marine Life and the Marine Environment Chapter 1 Clickers Essentials of Oceanography Eleventh Edition Alan P. Trujillo Harold V. Thurman Chapter 12 Lecture

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Chapter Overview Living organisms, including marine species, are classified by characteristics. Marine organisms are adapted to the ocean’s physical properties. The marine environment has distinct divisions.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Life Classification based on physical characteristics DNA sequencing allows genetic comparison.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Life Working definition of life Living things can –Capture, store, and transmit energy –Reproduce –Adapt to environment –Change over time

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Life Three domains or superkingdoms Bacteria – simple life forms without nuclei Archaea – simple, microscopic creatures Eukarya – complex, multicellular organisms –Plants and animals –DNA in discrete nucleus

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Living Organisms Five kingdoms –Monera –Protoctista –Fungi –Plantae –Animalia

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Five Kingdoms of Organisms Monera –Simplest organisms, single-celled –Cyanobacteria, heterotrophic bacteria, archaea Protoctista –Single- and multicell with nucleus –Algae, protozoa Fungi –Mold, lichen

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Five Kingdoms of Organisms Plantae –Multicelled photosynthetic plants –Surf grass, eelgrass, mangrove, marsh grasses Animalia –Multicelled animals –Range from simple sponges to complex vertebrates

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Taxonomic Classification Carolus Linnaeus – 1758 –Developed basis of modern classification of organisms Taxonomy – systematic classification of organisms

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Taxonomy Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Classification of Marine Organisms Plankton (floaters) Nekton (swimmers) Benthos (bottom dwellers)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Types of Plankton Most biomass on Earth consists of plankton. Phytoplankton –Autotrophic – can photosynthesize and produce own food Zooplankton –Heterotrophic – relies on food produced by others

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Types of Plankton Bacterioplankton –Very small –At least half the ocean’s photosynthetic biomass –Likely most abundant photosynthetic organism Virioplankton –Smaller than bacterioplankton –Not well understood, may limit abundance of other plankton through infection Holoplankton –Entire lives as plankton

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Other Types of Plankton Meroplankton –Part of lives as plankton –Juvenile or larval stages Macroplankton –Large floaters such as jellyfish or Sargassum Picoplankton –Very small floaters such as bacterioplankton

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton Independent swimmers Most adult fish and squid Marine mammals Marine reptiles

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Nekton

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos – Bottom Dwellers Epifauna live on the surface of the sea floor. Infauna live buried in sediments. Nektobenthos swim or crawl through water above the seafloor. Benthos are most abundant in shallower water. Many live in perpetual darkness, coldness, and stillness.

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Benthos

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Number of Marine Species More land species than marine species Currently 250,000 documented marine species Ocean has relatively uniform conditions, so less adaptation required = less speciation Marine species overwhelmingly benthic (98%) rather than pelagic (2%)

© 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. Vocabulary Cards1 Stamp Make 6 vocabulary cards Choose any 6 new words Use 6 index cards The cards will be folded in half with one half side glued into your Science Notebook Draw a picture representing the vocabulary word on the inside (3 colors) Write the vocabulary word and definition on the outside of the card