Plankton – The Floaters

Plankton - drifting organisms (animals, plants, archaea, or bacteria) that inhabit the pelagic zone of oceans, seas, or bodies of fresh water. Plankton are defined by their ecological niche rather than phylogenetic or taxonomic classification. They provide a crucial source of food to larger, more familiar aquatic organisms, such as fish and cetacea (whales). Though many planktonic species are microscopic in size, plankton includes large organisms such as jellyfish. Plankton typically flow with ocean currents. While some forms are capable of independent movement and can swim hundreds of meters vertically in a single day, their horizontal position is primarily determined by the surrounding currents.

Types of Plankton Holoplankton spend their entire life cycle as plankton. e.g. most algae, copepods (small crustaceans), salps (sea squirts), and some jellies. Meroplankton are only planktonic for part of their lives (usually the larval stage), and then graduate to either a nektonic (swimming) or benthic (sea floor) existence. Examples include the larvae of sea urchins, sea stars, crustaceans, marine worms, and most fish.

Trophic Groups This scheme divides the plankton community into broad producer, consumer and recycler groups. However, determining the trophic level of some plankton is not straightforward. For example, although most dinoflagellates are either photosynthetic producers or heterotrophic consumers, many species are mixotrophic depending upon circumstances.

Phytolankton – The Producers (from Greek phyton, or plant), autotrophic, prokaryotic or eukaryotic algae that live near the water surface where there is sufficient light to support photosynthesis. Among the more important groups are the diatoms, cyanobacteria, dinoflagellates and coccolithophores. (Plant Plankton)

Zooplankton – The Consumers (from Greek zoon, or animal), small protozoans or metazoans (e.g. crustaceans and other animals) that feed on other plankton and telonemia. Some of the eggs and larvae of larger animals, such as fish, crustaceans, and annelids, are included here. (Animal Plankton)

Bacterioplankton – The Recyclers bacteria and archaea, play an important role in remineralising organic material down the water column (decomposers.) (note that the prokaryotic phytoplankton are also bacterioplankton).

Size groups Plankton are also often described in terms of size. Usually the following divisions are used: Megaplankton > 2×10−2 m (20+ mm) metazoans; e.g. jellyfish; ctenophores; salps and pyrosomes (pelagic Tunicata); Cephalopoda Macroplankton 2×10−3→2×10−2 m (2–20 mm) metazoans; e.g. Pteropods; Chaetognaths; Euphausiacea (krill); Medusae; ctenophores; salps, doliolids and pyrosomes (pelagic Tunicata); Cephalopoda Mesoplankton 2×10−4→2×10−3 m (0.2 mm-2 mm) metazoans; e.g. copepods; Medusae; Cladocera; Ostracoda; Chaetognaths; Pteropods; Tunicata; Heteropoda Microplankton 2×10−5→2×10−4 m (20-200 µm) large eukaryotic protists; most phytoplankton; Protozoa (Foraminifera); ciliates; Rotifera; juvenile metazoans - Crustacea (copepod nauplii) Nanoplankton 2×10−6→2×10−5 m (2-20 µm) small eukaryotic protists; Small Diatoms; Small Flagellates; Pyrrophyta; Chrysophyta; Chlorophyta; Xanthophyta Picoplankton 2×10−7→2×10−6 m (0.2-2 µm) small eukaryotic protists; bacteria; Chrysophyta Femtoplankton < 2×10−7 m (< 0.2 µm) marine viruses

Worldwide Plankton Distribution Look familiar?

Biogeochemical Importance Aside from representing the bottom few levels of a food chain that supports commercially important fisheries, plankton ecosystems play a role in the biogeochemical cycles of many important chemical elements, including the ocean's carbon cycle.

Planktonic Food Web Primarily by grazing on phytoplankton, zooplankton provide carbon to the planktonic food web, either respiring it to provide metabolic energy, or upon death as biomass or detritus.

Biological Pump & Carbon Sink The oceans constitute the largest carbon sink on Earth. A carbon sink is a natural or artificial reservoir that accumulates and stores some carbon-containing chemical compound for an indefinite period

Biological Pump - more dense than seawater, organic material tends to sink. This transports carbon from surface waters to the deep.

Hey kids! Let’s continue the fun by defining some vocab in your Oceanography texts!! Biological Pump Carbon Sink Compensation Depth Copepod Flagella Holoplankton Limiting Factor Meroplankton Phytoplankton Zooplankton Yay!!!! Yippee!!