Chapter 11 National and Regional Growth

Section 1 Early Industry and Inventions

Free Enterprise and Factories  Industrial Revolution  Factory machines replaced hand tools  Large scale manufacturing replaced farming  This allowed companies to produce more product quicker than before  Many of the workers in the factories were children

Free Enterprise and Factories  Factories  Built near a water source to power the machines  People left their farms and crowded into cities to work in the factories  Worked for pay, on a set schedule – very different from before

 Many people did not want the U.S. to industrialize  War of 1812 forced it because the British used a blockade and the U.S. was unable to import any goods, we had to make them ouselves.  Caused people to stop investing in shipping and start investing in factories  Women began working away from home in the factories

Innovations  Power looms  Steam engines  Interchangeable parts  Steamboats  Telegraph  Light weight plow  Mechanical Reaper  Threshing machine

Effects of Industrialization  Factories were able to move away from water sources because of steam engines.  Regions were linked together and caused national unity.  New farm equipment made farming in the midwest easier – more people farming there.  Midwest farmers because the market for the northeast factories  Northeast factories needed southern cotton  Demand for more cotton led to plantations and an increase in slavery

Section 2 Plantations and Slavery Spread

The Cotton Boom  Eli Whitney created the cotton gin which is a machine that picks the seeds out of the cotton once the cotton has been picked  Factories in New England (North East section of the U.S.) had created a huge demand for cotton.

The Cotton Gin  Before its invention, seeds had to be picked out by hand.  About 1 pound of cotton could be cleaned a day by one person  The cotton gin could clean 50 pounds of cotton a day.

Changes in Southern Life  The high demand for cotton and the cotton gin changed life in the south in 4 important ways  Triggered a move westward in search of large plots of land  Planters now grew more cotton than anything else – increased exports to foreign countries  More Native Americans were kicked off their land to make way for cotton plantations  Required a LARGE work force – made slavery more important than ever in the south

Slavery Expands  As demand for cotton in the factories grew, so did the number of slaves in the south  The price of slaves increased as well  Slavery becomes a way of life for white farmers in the south – its how they make their money – not going to give it up easily.

Slavery divides the South  Slavery caused a problem between white farmers who had slaves and white farmers who couldn’t afford them  Only about 1/3 of the families in the South had slaves – they were the wealthiest  MOST WHITE FARMERS OWNED NO SLAVES  Supported slavery anyway  Slavery had become necessary in order to make more money

African Americans in the South  Slavery also caused a division between African Americans who were enslaved, and those who were free.  Life as a slave depended on their owner – some owners were nicer than others  In cities slaves worked as:  Domestic servants, skilled craftsmen, factory helpers, and day workers (worked jobs for a day or two and then changed jobs)  Sometimes they were hired out and could keep some of their wages

African Americans in the South  Free blacks had many problems as well  Some states made a black person leave the state once they were free  They were not permitted to vote  They were not permitted to receive an education  Most employers refused to hire them  They were always under the threat that they would be captured and sold into slavery  Slaves were often separated from their families  Some owners would not split mothers from their children but many did

Slave Rebellions  Occasionally, slaves and people who were against slavery would try to rebel  Nat Turner – Turner and 70 followers killed 55 white men, women, and children  Most of Turner’s men were captured and 16 of them were killed  Turner’s rebellion scared whites in the south.  Whites killed more than 200 slaves in revenge for Turner’s actions  State Legislatures passed harsh laws that kept free blacks and slaves from having weapons or buying liquor.  Slaves could not hold religious services unless whites were present

Section 3 Nationalism and Sectionalism

Nationalism Unites the Country  Nationalism is a feeling of pride, loyalty, and protectiveness toward your country.  President Madison wanted to make the United States able to grow and be successful on its own without the help of other countries.

Nationalism Unites the Country  President Madison Established the American System  Establish a protective tariff – a tax on all goods that are brought into the country  Made European products more expensive than American products.  Establish a national bank – promotes a single currency for the country  Improve the country’s transportation system – poor roads slows down transportation

Roads and Canals  Roads improved and were federally funded – National Road  Erie Canal finished and created a water route between New York City and Buffalo, New York – see map on page 355  This fueled nationalism by unifying the sections of the country  Erie Canal allowed farm products from the Midwest to flow East and people and manufactured goods from the East to get to the Midwest.

Roads and Canals  Steam Powered Trains improved travel even more.  More than 8,970 miles of track were laid in 20 years between 1830 and 1850  The increase in train travel led to a decrease in the use of the canals.

Boundaries  Set the 49 th Parallel as the U.S. Canadian border all the way to the Rocky Mountains.  Spain gave up Florida and Oregon Territory

Sectionalism  Sectionalism is loyalty to the interests of your own region or section of the country rather than as a nation as a whole  Economics created some divisions within the United States.  White Southerners were relying on cotton and slavery  In the North East wealth was based on manufacturing and trade  Westerners wanted cheap land and good transportation  These desires were often in conflict with each other

The Missouri Compromise  Sectionalism became a major issue when Missouri applied for statehood in  People living in Missouri wanted to allow slavery in their state.  At the time there were 11 slave states and 11 free states – allowing Missouri in as either one would upset the balance of power in congress.  It wasn’t until Main also wanted statehood that there could be any compromise  Missouri Compromise allowed Missouri in as a slave state and Main in as a free state – maintaining the balance of power in congress

The Monroe Doctrine  Many countries were declaring independence from European countries (Spain, France)  President Monroe was afraid that would cause them to come to the United States and start trying to gain more territory  Monroe issued the Doctrine saying that the United States was closed to further colonization  In return the United States would stay out of European affairs.