HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS CENTRAL HVAC SYSTEMS

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS SELECTION FACTORS:  REQUIRED CAPACITY  TYPES OF FUEL AVAILABLE  STRUCTURAL SUPPORT  ECONOMIC FACTORS

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  HEAT DELIVERED/ENERGY INPUT  COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY: (ENERGY INPUT – FLUE STACK LOSS)/ ENERGY INPUT  DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY  OVERALL EFFICIENCY (FOR FUEL-BURNING EQUIPMENT): COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY X DISTRIBUTION EFFICIENCY

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS FORCED AIR FURNACE DEFINITION:  FURNACES ARE PACKAGED HEATERS THAT USE AIR AS THE HEAT-CARRYING MEDIUM.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS FORCED AIR FURNACE COMPONENTS:  HEATING CHAMBER: COMBUSTION OR ELECTRIC  HEAT-TRANSFER SURFACE  FAN (BLOWER)  MOTOR TO POWER THE FAN  FILTER

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS GRAVITY FURNACE

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS FORCED AIR FURNACE

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS CLASSIFIED BY THE TYPE OF FUEL OR ENERGY:  GAS  OIL  ELECTRICITY

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS OPEN COMBUSTION CHAMBER TYPE OF COMBUSTION PROCESS:  OPEN COMBUSTION CHAMBER  THE OPEN-CHAMBER FURNACE USUALLY HAS AN ANNUAL FUEL UTILIZATION EFFICIENCY BETWEEN 75 AND 80 PERCENT.  IT TYPICALLY USES EITHER GAS OR OIL.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS IMPULSE COMBUSTION TYPE TYPE OF COMBUSTION PROCESS:  A SEALED CHAMBER (IMPULSE COMBUSTION).  THE PROCESS OF COMBUSTION BEGINS AS GAS AND AIR ARE INTRODUCED INTO THE SEALED COMBUSTION CHAMBER WITH THE SPARK PLUG IGNITER.  SPARK FROM THE PLUG IGNITES THE GAS/AIR MIXTURE, WHICH IN TURN CAUSES A POSITIVE PRESSURE BUILD- UP THAT CLOSES THE GAS AND AIR INLETS.  THIS PRESSURE RELIEVES ITSELF BY FORCING THE PRODUCTS OF COMBUSTION OUT OF THE COMBUSTION CHAMBER THROUGH THE TAILPIPE INTO THE HEAT EXCHANGER EXHAUST DECOUPLER AND ON INTO THE HEAT EXCHANGER COIL.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS FORCED AIR FURNACE TYPE OF DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION: CABINET CONFIGURATION:  VERTICAL  HORIZONTAL AIRFLOW:  UP  DOWN AIR DELIVERY:  DUCTED  FREE DELIVERY

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS EFFICIENCY: OPEN CHAMBER FURNACE:  COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY: 75 TO 80 PERCENT.  BURNS EITHER GAS OR OIL. IMPULSE TYPE:  COMBUSTION EFFICIENCY: 92 TO 95 PERCENT.  BURNS GAS ONLY

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS TYPICAL LIFE: 15 TO 20 YEARS

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES  DEFINITION  COMPONENTS  TYPES  EFFICIENCY  TYPICAL LIFE  APPLICATION BOILERS APPLICATIONS:  GENERALLY USED IN SMALL BUILDINGS, SUCH AS RESIDENCES.  SMALL DECENTRALIZED SYSTEMS FOR LARGE BUILDINGS.  IT IS NOT PRACTICAL TO TRANSFER HEAT BY AIR FOR LONG DISTANCES, OWING TO THE PHYSICAL SPACE REQUIRED FOR DUCTWORK AND THE COST OF ELECTRICITY TO RUN FANS.  THERE ARE LARGE FURNACES THAT PRODUCE UP TO MILLIONS OF BTU/HR FOR INDUSTRIAL PLANTS OR WAREHOUSES, WHERE THE HOT AIR CAN BE DISTRIBUTED INTO OPEN SPACES.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY BOILERS DEFINITION: IN APPLICATIONS REQUIRING EXTENSIVE DISTRIBUTION OF HEAT FROM A CENTRAL PLANT, BOILERS ARE USED TO GENERATE STEAM OR HOT WATER, WHICH CAN THEN BE DISTRIBUTED IN A COMPACT PIPING SYSTEM.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY BOILERS DEFINITION:  BOILERS USE WATER OR STEAM AS THE HEAT-CARRYING MEDIUM.  IF A BOILER PRODUCES STEAM, IT MUST BE ABLE TO WITHSTAND THE RESULTING PRESSURE.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY PRESSURE:  AS THE PRESSURE OF STEAM INCREASES, SO DOES ITS TEMPERATURE AND SENSIBLE HEAT CONTENT.  BY INCREASING THE PRESSURE OF WATER, ITS BOILING POINT CAN BE RAISED ABOVE 212 DEGREES F, SO THAT IT CAN BE HEATED AS A LIQUID TO HIGHER TEMPERATURES WITH HIGHER RESULTANT SENSIBLE HEAT CONTENT.  HIGH PRESSURE PLANTS ARE MORE COMPLEX THAN LOW-PRESSURE, & REQUIRE ADDED SAFETY PRECAUTIONS AND THE PRESENCE OF A QUALIFIED OPERATING ENGINEER.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY FUELS:  A BOILER DESIGNED FOR A SPECIFIC FUEL MAY OR MAY NOT BE CONVERTED TO ANOTHER. FOR EXAMPLE, A BOILER THAT FIRES LIQUID FUEL CAN BE MODIFIED TO ACCOMMODATE ANOTHER LIQUID BUT NOT A SOLID FUEL, WHEREAS A BOILER ORIGINALLY DESIGNED TO BURN SOLID FUEL CAN BE MODIFIED TO BURN A LIQUID OR GASEOUS FUEL.  NATURAL GAS OR PROPANE  FUEL OIL  COAL  ELECTRICITY

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY FIRE TUBE BOILERS FIRE TUBE BOILERS :  FLUE GASES PASS THROUGH THE TUBES AND WATER SURROUNDS THEM.  CAN USE STEAM OR HOT WATER.  LOW TEMPERATURE & PRESSURE

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY WATER TUBE BOILERS: WATER IS ON THE INSIDE OF THE TUBES AND THE COMBUSTION GASES PASS AROUND THE OUTSIDE OF THE TUBES.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY WATER TUBE BOILERS:  SINCE WATER TUBE BOILERS CAN WITHSTAND HIGHER PRESSURES THAN FIRE TUBE BOILERS, THEY ARE CABLE OF HIGHER CAPACITIES.  HOT WATER OR STEAM.  LOW OR HIGH PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE.  STEEL CONSTRUCTION.  REQUIRES SPACE ON ONE END ROUGHLY THE LENGTH OF THE BOILER TO ALLOW TUBES TO BE PULLED OUT AND CLEANED.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY WATER TUBE BOILERS

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY WATER TUBE BOILERS

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY CAST IRON BOILERS CAST IRON BOILERS:  CONSISTS OF A SERIES OF VERTICAL CAST-IRON SECTIONS FILLED WITH WATER.  RESTRICTED TO LOW- PRESSURE & TEMPERATURE.  USED PRIMARILY IN RESIDENTIAL AND SMALL- TO MEDIUM-SIZE COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS.

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY ELECTRIC BOILERS ELECTRIC BOILERS:  MADE FOR EITHER HOT WATER OR STEAM.  ELECTRIC ENERGY IS MORE EXPENSIVE THAN GAS OR OIL.  CAN BE ECONOMICAL TO OPERATE WITH FUEL-FIRED BOILERS FOR OFF-PEAK, OFF- SEASON OR STANDBY OPERATIONS

HEAT-GENERATING EQUIPMENT INTRODUCTION SELECTION EFFICIENCY FURNACES BOILERS  DEFINITION  PRESSURE  FUELS  FIRE TUBE BOILERS  WATER TUBE BOILERS  CAST IRON BOILERS  ELECTRIC BOILERS  CAPACITY CAPACITY:  BOILER HORSEPOWER: THE HEAT INPUT REQUIRED TO PRODUCE 34.5 POUNDS OF STEAM/HOUR (33,475 BTU-H)  POUNDS OF STEAM PER HOUR: THERE ARE ABOUT 1,000 BTU/POUND OF STEAM, DEPENDING ON ITS TEMPERATURE AND PRESSURE.  BTU-H  KILOWATTS: ELECTRIC BOILERS ARE RATED IN KILOWATTS. STEAM BOILERS ARE AVAILABLE IN CAPACITIES UP TO 3,000 KW- HOT WATER UP TO 2,000 KW.