1 Chapter 13 Objectives: 1)List the major objects that make up our solar system. 2)Distinguish between a planet and a dwarf planet. 3)Define an Astronomical Unit and convert it to kilometers. 4)Differentiate (with examples) between terrestrial planets and giant planets. 5)Be able to provide physical information on all planets regarding location in the solar system, mass, orbital periods, number of moons, and composition. 6)Explain the physical features of our moon. What were the apollo missions?

2 7)Explain comets including details on composition, location, and orbits. 8)Define an asteroid. 9)Distinguish between meteoroid, meteor, and meteorite.

3 Ch. 13 The Solar System ► The solar system is composed of the S____, p________, m_____, a__________, and c________; all made from e________ as known on our p________ table.

4 I)Planets, Moons, and other Objects A) Some Background Information 1) _________: an object that must be  orbiting the Sun  nearly spherical  large enough to clear all matter from its orbital zone. Ex:

5 2) ______ _________: an object that must be  orbiting the Sun  nearly spherical  NOT large enough to clear all matter from its orbital zone  NOT a satellite of another object. Ex: 3) Measurements in Space

6 a) _______________ Unit (AU): The distance between the earth and the Sun; 1.50 X m (93,000,000 miles). b) If light travels at 3.0 X 10 8 m/s (~600,000,000 mph), how many minutes does it take light to travel from our Sun to the earth?

7 4) Planet Classifications: a)_____________ planets: planets with similar sizes, densities, and nature of atmosphere to that of earth. Ex. b) _______ planets: planets with similar densities and chemical composition to each other and are located outside the orbit of mars. Ex.

8 B) Mercury 1) Data: a) __________ to the Sun. b) Slightly larger than _______ ______. c) Orbits the Sun in approximately ___ months; rotation is ____ earth days. *see Table 13.1 (or handout) for more information.

9 Planetary Data C) Venus 1)____________ rotation of all planets; ____ earth days. 2) Extremely high temperatures due to _____________ effect.

10 D) The Earth’s Moon 1)Surface is composed of ___________, _________, and ______ (formed from ancient floods of lava). 2) Most of what is known about the moon was learned during the _______ missions between 1967 and 1972 (see Table 13.3). Apollo 11 landing

11 a)The moon’s surface is mainly composed of fine, glass-like dust (probably brought by _________) and rocks with the consistency of the earth’s lava rocks known as ________. E) Mars 1) Atmosphere is mainly _____. 2) Surface has v___________, c________, terraced p________, and flat crater-pitted areas.

12 a)Liquid H 2 SO 4 (__________acid) can be found on surface. b) Signs of ____ existing on the surface in past. In 2009 a bomb detonated near the surface of mars indicated ____ is present under the surface. F) Jupiter 1)_________ of all the planets; 318X the mass of earth.

13 a) It’s density is only ¼ that of the earth. 2) The “giant ____ spot” is 25,000 miles long and is composed of very cold clouds (coldest place on the planet). 3) Jupiter has ____ satellites (moons). a)The four largest moons (the G__________ moons) are: Io, Europa, Ganymede, and Calisto; which are all larger than Mercury.

14 G) Saturn 1) Another “gas giant” similar to Jupiter. 2) Most noted for its ________; gas and dust debris. 3) Has ___ satellites. ________ is the largest and is the only known moon in our solar system with an atmosphere.

15 H) Uranus and Neptune 1)Takes 84 years and 165 years, respectively, to orbit the sun. Radio signals take _____ hours to travel from the earth to Uranus. II) Small Bodies of the Solar System A) __ o __ e __ __

16 1)________: a relatively small (5 – 10 miles in diameter), solid body of frozen water, carbon dioxide, ammonia, and methane, along with dusty and rocky bits of materials mixed in. 2) Comets are believed to form in regions of space located between _______ orbit and a light year from the _____; areas called the Oort Cloud and the Kuiper Belt. Click on image

17 3) The Tail of a Comet: a)As the comet nears the Sun (1.0 to 1.5 AU away) it begins to melt. Reflected sunlight from the comet’s ______ and ionized _______ from solar radiation can be seen as the tail. 4) Comet’s Orbit: a) Very e______________.

18 b) H________ Comet: comes back into view about every ____ years. B) __ st __ r __ __ ds: 1)____________: small rocky bodies left over from the formation of the universe.

19 a)Located in a region of space between _______ and __________. b) Sizes range from ___ mile in diameter up to _____miles in diameter. C) M __ t __ __ rs and M __ t __ __ r __ t __ s:

20 1) _________: the remains of comets and asteroids. 2) _________: a meteoroid that is captured by the earth’s gravity and enters our atmosphere (a.k.a. a _________ ______). 3) ___________: a meteor that survives its fiery trip through our atmosphere and lands on earth. a)Types of Meteorites: _____ meteorite, ______ meteorite, and ______-______ meteorite.