 Made up of glands  Endocrine: release hormones into bloodstream travel throughout the body and relay information Exocrine glands release secretions into a duct/tube  Works with nervous system to control body

1. Hypothalamus 2. Pituitary gland 3. Pineal gland 4. Thyroid gland 5. Parathyroid glands 6. Adrenal gland 7. Pancreas 8. Ovaries or Testes

 Receives messages from body  Nerve cells are called neurons  Secretes neurotransmitter to control pituitary

 Controls all other glands  Secretes 1. thyroid-stimulating hormone, 2. anti-diuretic hormone, 3. growth hormone, 4. Gonadotropin 5. Lactogenic And more…

 Sensitive to light  Secretes melatonin which controls wake/sleep cycles  Sometimes called the “third eye”

 Regulates metabolism, growth, and development  Secretes thyroxine – contains iodine  Affects how fast you use energy  Regulates food intake

 If thyroid does not get enough iodine…..

 Goiter: enlargement of thyroid gland due to lack of iodine

 Hypothyroidism: thyroid gland doesn’t make enough thyroxine Lower energy, weight gain

 Hyperthyroidism: thyroid makes too much thyroxine Tired b/c body runs too fast, rapid weight loss, sweat a lot, feel nervous and moody

Controls calcium levels in blood and bones Secretes PTH (parathyroid hormone)

Fight-or-flight response  Increased…  blood sugar levels  heart rate and blood pressure  respiration rate  muscle efficiency Secretes  adrenalin (epinephrine)  noradrenalin (norepinephrine)

Controls blood sugar levels Secretes insulin and glucogon Also acts as an exocrine gland of the digestive system

 Gonads: ovaries and testes

 Affects secondary sexual characteristics  Breasts  Widening of hips  Soft skin  Pubic/underarm hair  Ovaries secrete  estrogen and progesterone

 Affects secondary sexual characteristics:  facial, leg and body hair  Thickening of skin  Building of muscle mass  Growth of Larynx (deep voice)  Testes produce  androgens, including testosterone

Tammy Thomas before steroids After

 An increase in a substance inhibits the process leading to the increase  Example: your grades  Your grades suck  Parents get on your case  You try harder at school  Your grades go up  Parents stop harping on you  You stop trying, grades go back down

 Video: negative and positive feedback loopsnegative and positive feedback loops  (first minute only)

1. Hypothalamus receives signal of low thyroxine 2. Hypo- sends neurotransmitter to pituary 3. Pituitary releases TSH to the thyroid 4. TSH signals Thyroid to release thyroxine 5. thyroxine level goes up 6. Pituitary gland senses increase in thyroxine and stops producing TSH 7. Thyroid stops releasing thyroxine 8. Thyroxine level goes back down

 Hypothalamus senses you are dehydrated and need water  Hypothalamus tells pituitary gland to release anti-diuretic hormone ADH  ADH is senced by kidneys  Body will conserve water by not releasing it in the urine  What does a diuretic do?

 When you eat, blood glucose levels go up  Pancreas senses this and releases insulin  Insulin tells liver and muscle cells to take in glucose

 When blood glucose drops…  Pancreas senses this and releases glucagon  Glucagon binds to liver cells and tells them to release glycogen  If you’re out of glycogen, hypothalamus stimulates your stomach and makes it growl

Two types Type I – juvenile onset Type II – adult-onset

 Pancreas doesn’t make insulin  Therefore insulin can’t signal cells to take in glucose  Glucose stays in the blood stream—causes high blood sugar  Glucose appears in urine (it’s not normally there)  Treated with strict diet and daily insulin injections

 You eat WAY TOO MUCH sugar  Cells get overloaded with sugar  Cells respond by shutting down some insulin receptors  Therefore cells can no longer take in enough glucose  Can be controlled by diet