Gravitational Waves Earth expands and contracts by the diameter of an atomic nucleus: 10 -12 cm A world-shaking discovery.

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Presentation transcript:

Gravitational Waves Earth expands and contracts by the diameter of an atomic nucleus: cm A world-shaking discovery

James Clerk Maxwell Professor at King’s College London: 1860 – 1865 Unified theory of electricity and magnetism Predicted electromagnetic waves Identified light as due to these waves Calculated the velocity of light … One scientific epoch ended and another began with James Clerk Maxwell - Albert Einstein

Electromagnetic Waves Proposed by Maxwell Discovered by Hertz A lot to answer for …. Nobody knows where fundamental physics may lead

Gravitational Waves General relativity proposed by Einstein 1915 He predicted gravitational waves in 1916

First Attempts at Detection 1970s: Metal bars (Joseph Weber) Also Explorer experiment at CERN

Indirect Detection Binary pulsar discovered 1974 (Hulse & Taylor) Emits gravitational waves Change in orbit measured for years Perfect agreement with Einstein Nobel Prize 1993

Binary Pulsar Measurements

Discovery of Gravitational Waves Measured by the LIGO experiment in 2 locations State of WashingtonState of Louisiana

LIGO experiment Inteference between 2 laser beams measures the expansion and contraction of space

Principle of Laser Interferometer Inteference between 2 laser beams measures the expansion and contraction of space

LIGO Layout & Sensitivity

What was observed Very similar signals in the 2 detectors In agreement with gravitational-wave predictions

Significance of Detection Based on coincidences between detectors: > 5σ Second most significant coincidence ~ 2σ Could also be BH merger

Fusion of two massive black holes Masses ~ 36, 29 solar masses Radiated energy ~ 3 solar masses

Fusion of two massive black holes Einstein was right A new horizon in the study of the Universe

The Gravitational Chirp … … heard around the world Frequency increases with time during inspiral Followed by ringdown of combined black hole Gravitino mass < 1.2 × eV Waves of different frequencies have same speed JE, Mavromatos & Nanopoulos, arXiv:

Direction in Sky (LIGO)

Follow-up Campaign Many experiments looked for electromagnetic counterpart (light, radio, γ rays, X rays, … All results negative except for Fermi satellite γ rays > 50 keV Astrophysical puzzle Tells us speeds of light and gravitational waves same to JE, Mavromatos & Nanopoulos, arXiv:

Direction in Sky (Fermi)

Ground-Based GW Detectors

Gravitational Wave Spectrum

Future Step: Interferometer in Space

Excellent Video Explanation n-greenes-ligo-colbert-lecture- was.html