Finding Sources Introduction Primary and secondary sources Types of sources Locating sources Talk About It Your Turn Tech Tools in this presentation Search engines Soople American Memory Collection

Now that you have your research questions, how do you find the information you need? There are many ways to track down useful sources of information. Introduction Discovering these methods is the key to your search.

Primary and secondary sources The most basic way to categorize any source in research is as a primary source or a secondary source. A primary source is firsthand, original information by someone who participated in the event being researched. A secondary source is information derived from or about primary sources.

Primary and secondary sources A published piece such as a newspaper or magazine article is considered primary if written soon after the fact and not as a historical account. Primary sources are original documents. Photograph of Abraham Lincoln as seen on $5 dollar bill. Declaration of Independence

Primary and secondary sources Secondary sources are at least one step removed from the event under review. They interpret, assign values to, conjecture upon, and draw conclusions about the events reported in primary sources. DVD offering of PBS documentary Article Book

Is each source below primary or secondary? Primary and secondary sources a photograph of an abolitionist a slave diary magazine articles about the Civil War a recording of an African American spiritual a biography of Harriet Tubman Secondary Sources articles about the Civil War biography Primary Sources diary recording photograph

Pamphlets Personal narratives Lyrics Types of sources There are many types of primary and secondary sources available. Below are more examples. Original artwork Political posters Historic film Interviews Musical compositions Books Biographies Critiques Journal articles Dissertation Renditions PrimarySecondary

Types of sources Nondigital Another way to categorize types of sources is as digital or nondigital. Digital sources are anything that can be accessed or viewed using a computer. Nondigital sources are books government documents maps videotapes sound recordings music scores You can use library catalogues, search engines, databases, and so on to locate nondigital sources, but to view them, you have to get an actual physical copy.

Types of sources Digital The key to locating relevant digital sources is to know how to search for information by using the computer and the Internet. Access library databases Browse Internet sites identified by librarians in Research Guides Use subject directories Use search engines Learn advanced search techniques

Like print, digital information encompasses the various print formats already mentioned. You will probably want to explore different digital formats to develop the various aspects of your topic. Tech Tip Print vs. digital Online newspapers CD-ROMs and DVDs Online encyclopedias nytimes.com

How do you locate sources of information? Believe it or not, even in the world of technology, a great place to start is your school or public library. Locating sources

Libraries make locating sources easy with an online card catalogue, a collection of information about every resource that a system of libraries owns. Locating sources Most libraries have special computers for searching their online catalogues. Many also offer free Internet access.

Search engines are online tools for locating Internet sources. They search the Web for relevant information based on keywords you select. If you enter several words, a search engine will treat each word as a separate keyword. If you put key words in quotation marks, the search engine will locate sources that contain exactly those words. Tech Tool: Search Engines

Search engines are a great way to locate many digital sources quickly. Because different search engines offer different features, you need to test out a few. (Yahoo! Search) Reproduced with permission of Yahoo! Inc. ©2008 by Yahoo! and the Yahoo! logo are trademarks of Yahoo! Inc. (dogpile) © 2008 InfoSpace, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tech Tip Search engines Search engines have similar functions yet may work differently. You will achieve the best results if you use several search engines to locate your sources. Lycos ( has a very large database and specialty areas for locating multimedia. Excite ( searches 50 million sites and provides expanded features. AltaVista ( searches over 30 million Web pages. Use quotation marks for searching phrases. Infoseek ( seeks the most closely matched information and relevant matches.

A topic may have alternate meanings that pop up in a search. Tech Tip Narrowing your search using not You can omit meanings or information in your search by putting not or the minus sign “-” in front of words or subtopics you do not want in search results. Reproduced with permission of Yahoo! Inc. ©2008 by Yahoo! and the Yahoo! logo are trademarks of Yahoo! Inc.

Tech Tool: Soople Soople is a fast and easy way to use the advanced features of Google. You can specify a search by file type, media, or a particular site. You can also search scholarly journals.

Locating sources Online databases Online databases are collections of records or information that allow you access to the deep Web (or “invisible Web”). The deep Web contains sources that, unlike typical sites, are not found by a regular search engine. Databases manage these hidden sources much like a filing cabinet, and you can search the database for your topic.

Tech Tip Databases Searching for a database on your topic is easy. Simply add database after your topic keyword in the search bar. (dogpile) © 2008 InfoSpace, Inc. All rights reserved.

Tech Tip Databases EBSCO ProQuest United Streaming Library of Congress Ask your school librarian for online database sources available for you to use. You may have several options to choose from, such as the following.

Tech Tool: American Memory Collection The American Memory collection is a free, public database provided by the Library of Congress. It was created to capture America’s “memory” through historical documents, moving images, sound recordings, and print and photographic media.

Tech Tool: American Memory Collection The collection allows you to search in many sources for digitized information on your topic, such as written or spoken word sound recordings still and moving images photographs maps sheet music

You can then search within a collection for your specific topic and select a source you want to view. Tech Tool: American Memory Collection Browsing makes locating primary sources easy. You can browse by collection, time period, or geographical location.

Discuss these questions with your classmates. Talk About It 1.Which types of sources listed at the beginning of this lesson have you used before? Why did you choose that type of source? Was it helpful? 2. What types of primary and secondary sources have you used before? How did you locate them? How did you use them? 3. Have you ever used a database? What databases are available to you through your school library? 4. After viewing this presentation, what are some new ways you will look for sources?

Your Turn On a computer, follow these directions: 1.Choose a specific topic. Using Soople, find the following types of sources related to the topic: a PowerPoint presentation an image a PDF 2. Add the term database to your search and list the top two responses on your paper.

Your Turn: Possible Responses 1.My specific topic is the birth of American literature. My Soople search found a PowerPoint presentation called “American Literature to 1910,” a jpeg image of “The Narrative of the Captivity, Sufferings, and Removes of Mrs. Mary Rowlanfon,” and a PDF called “Early American Literature.” 2.I found two databases: Online American Literature Resources Vol. 1 Hypertext – An Electronic Literature Site (University of Virginia)

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