The New Zealand Wars and their Aftermath Part 3

Pakeha Assertions of Sovereignty Through the Constitution and the Creation of a Settler Government in the 1840's and 1850’s

Governor Grey and the Maori Grey and the Wellington area 1846 Government ‘Purchases’ in the SI. SI Land Grab Resource: ESA Guide pg read and make notes Reneged Promises and Results

Constitution – Attempt to Re- interpret the Treaty 1846 After annexation, British settlers expected self government following a British model/pattern Began to lobby the Govenor and the Colonial Office for a constitution that would allow them limited self government like other British colonies. Dec 1846 Earl Grey, the British Secretary of State for the Colonies sent a dispatch to NZ- this included a charter granting self government to settlers Radical changes- Land policy and Maori protection issues

Constitution passed in 1852 M & P populations close in numbers The constitution significant for number of reasons. –Maori lost the protection of the Govenor and this had been a major reason for signing the treaty –The franchise (voting power) was based on individual land title- Maori couldn’t vote –Shift in land Policy Maori land ownership was to be registered on the basis of occupation and labour All land not occupied or worked on was to belong to the crown.

Concerns expressed- even by Pakeha. Maori claimed that they ‘had a special relationship’ with Queen Victoria In the end Earl Grey stated that there was no intention of overturning the treaty. Governor Grey very quiet on the issue. However… Maori under settler government were effectively excluded from the machinery of Pakeha state See pg Blue Book, pg 180 – 184 Olsen and Stenson

Maori Assertion of Rangatiratanga thru the formation of the Kingitanga The King Movement

Background Some NI Maori in 1853 began to look at possibility of Maori unity. The general aim was to preserve Maori identity and resist Pakeha advances. Some specific aims were: –Assert rights of chieftainship – te tino rangitiratanga –Maintain traditional possession of land A number of factors led to the Kingitanga –The example of the British crown- suggested need for a king –Nationalism was prevalent in the world- supported idea of Maori unity and authority –By early 1850’s Maori saw retention of land as impt for Maori well-being –Preserving land and culture was obviously via mana and authority – rangitiratanga –Some separation Maori and Pakeha seemed desirable within structures of authority

Notes to be made Pg ESA guide – Development and Aims Use Olssen and Stenson pg and Northcott & Ofner pg 47- perfect notes Maori Unity – pg What is the Maori name for self- government? 2.What were the reasons for its emergence? 3.Name the first Maori king 4.What and where was the powerbase of the King Movement?

5.What symbols of power were used? Principles of the King Movement Te Whakapono- means Te Aroha - Te Ture - Pakeha Reaction – pg 185 &187 1.In what ways did the King Movement represent a threat to the Pakeha? 2.In what ways can it be seen in a positive light? Historiography – pg What is the view of Gorst – a contemporary historian? 2.What is the view of Ward and Sorenson? 3.Explain Claudia Orange’s interpretation in your own words. Maori Assertion of Rangitiratanga – pg 187 & 47 1.What evidence is there that the King Movement was a real assertion of sovereignty? ( 2 points here)

Limitation of Kingitanga Make notes from pg 87 ESA under the heading Pakeha and Kingitanga Make notes from pg 88 ESA under the same heading The Waitara Issues Pg 88 – What was the issue re land sales in Taranaki?

The Kohimarama Conference 1860 ESA- pg 90 P 50 Blue Book In chiefs attended a conference called by Governor Gore-Brown He wanted these chiefs to condemn the Kingitanga and Wiremu Kingi’s actions at Waitara (Pg O&S) The Maori however, did not and they produced the Kohimarama Covenant (Sacred Pact)- which was like a new commitment to the Treaty For Maori they felt the queen’s representative had nominal sovereignty, whereas the government believed their substantive sovereignty had been reaffirmed.

6. Belich (1986) argues that Kawiti had revolutionised warfare by creating anti-artillery bunkers in his purpose build pa. 7. The following day the British took Ohaewai as Kawhiti had abandoned it as though it has served its purpose.- to slow down and drain resources of the attackers 8. The final battle was at Ruapekapeka (the bats nest)- another purpose built pa. 9.The British Governor Fitzroy had been replaced in 1845 by George Grey. 10.Br took 3 weeks to get to the pa, then shelled it for 2 weeks. On 11 Jan 1846 Nga Puhi left pa- perhaps for a church service

11.Confusion reigns as to why Maori were outside Ruapekapeka on the final day of that battle. Belich maintains that Kawhiti and Heke were trying to draw the British into an ambush. Other historians maintain the Maori were saying prayers. ln any case fourteen British were killed in fighting but they took Ruapekapeka. 12.Br gained no advantage because the pa was miles from no where

CONSEQUENCES 1. Grey claimed victory at Ruapekapeka and in the Northern War. 2. However, Belich (1986) argues that Ruapekapeka was only a paper victory and that Heke and Kawiti won the war. 3. This is because they were never captured, lost land, or made to pay compensation. Settler accounts show that Heke acted with contempt for British authority after 1846 and the flagpole was never erected while he lived. 4. However, Kawhiti and Heke were limited by their part time army and the governors had certainly shown the power available to them.