What is an orchestra? An orchestra is a large group of musicians playing together. Includes Brass, Woodwind and many _________ instruments. String

2 The basic make-up of the orchestra was established in the: 18 th Century The _________ period of music classical

An orchestra includes four different families of instruments: Strings Woodwinds Brass Percussion

String Instruments The string instruments can be also called Chordophones They produce sounds when their tightly strings are: Rubbed (played with the bow) Plucked Struck

All woodwind instruments were originally made of ______, though today some are made of ______. For most woodwinds, players blow air past a _____ to make it vibrate. Woodwind and Brass instruments Can also be called _____________ because? reed wood metal. air must be blown through them to make sound. aerophones

Brass Instruments A brass player must buzz his or her lips while blowing into a mouthpiece to make vibrations. Brass instruments were traditionally made of brass (a mixture of copper and zinc), but today other metals are also used.

Percussion Instruments Percussion Instruments fall into two groups: Membranophones Idiophones

An essential part of any orchestra is the: C___________ Conductor

The ________ is the leader of the orchestra Conductor

What does the conductor do? Moves their hands and arms to direct the players Sometimes they use a stick called a _______ With the baton, they trace _____ ________ in the air Baton Beat Patterns

The Baton Makes a little bounce called an _____ on each beat Ictus

Conductors Beat Patterns Duple (two beats in a bar)

Triple (three beats in a bar) Conductors Beat Patterns

Quadruple – (four beats in a bar)

The Conductor controls these parts of the music: The speed of the music The volume of the music How loudly different sections play compared to each other. T_____ D_______ B_______ Tempo Dynamics Balance

How sharply or gently the players begin their notes. Showing groups of players when to begin playing Showing the emotions in the music. The Conductor controls these parts of the music: A________ C___ E________ Articulation Cues Expression

Unscramble these famous conductors of the 20th Century Arturo CINANTOSI Herbert von JAKNAAR Leopold KWTOKOSIS Eugene MORNDAY Leonard STEBENIRN JoAnn LAFLATET Arturo TOSCANINI Herbert von KARAJAN Leopold STOKOWSKI Eugene ORMANDY Leonard BERNSTEIN JoAnn FALLETTA

The Violin and Viola

20 The Violin and Viola are the two higher pitched members of the ______ family. They both have _____ (how many?) Strings String Four

These instruments were invented in _____ (Country) in the ___th Century Italy 16th

They are usually made from (types of wood) S_______ M_______ Spruce Maple

ViolinViola Chinrest tailpiece bridge f-holes strings Soundboard neck Pegs scroll

P_______ V_____ Special effect from gently rocking the left hand is called: Pizzicato Vibrato When the strings are plucked with the fingers instead of using the bow, the technique is called:

The String section of the orchestra can include: Up to __ Violins Up to __ Violas 30 12

The Cello and Double Bass

The two lower pitched members of the string family are the: C____ D______ B___ Cello Double Bass

The full name of the cello is actually: V________Violoncello

or just B___ The Double Bass Can also be called: C_________ S_____ bass Bass Contrabass String bass

Because they rest on the floor, the cello and double bass have an ________. Endpin

The Strings of Stringed instruments used to be made from _____ But now are made from _______ or _______ wrapped in fine wire. Gut Steel Nylon

The wood in the bows of stringed instruments is a special wood called: P_________Pernambuco Cello and Double Bass bows are _______ and ________ than violin and viola bows. Shorter Heavier

The largest Orchestras have: Up to __ Cellos Up to __ Double Basses 12 8

The Flute and Piccolo

The Flute The Flute is a member of the __________ family of instruments Woodwind Makes sound by blowing across an E_________ holeEmbouchure hole

The mechanical key system for the flute was invented by ________ ______ in 1847 Early Flutes had only about six finger holes, but modern flutes use mechanical keys that allow the player to control __ holes Theobald Boehm 16

Professionals play flutes made of _______ Less expensive instruments are made from ______ plated _______ Silver NickelBrass

Parts of the Flute Foot joint keys finger holesbody head joint embouchure hole lip plate

The Piccolo is a small flute It is about ____the size of a regular flute half

Piccolos produce a ____ ____, piercing tone Piccolos can be made of metal like the flute, but they can also be made from _________ wood. very high grenadilla

The Orchestra usually has just ____flutes two And uses the piccolo only _________ when needed

Oboe, English Horn & Bassoon

All ______ ____ Woodwind Instruments The Double Reed is made from two thin pieces of _____ tied together Players hold the reed in their mouth to make it ________ as they blow air through the instrument Double Reed Cane Vibrate

The Oboe Centuries ago, this instrument was called the _________, which means “high wood” in French. Hautbois

The Oboe has a very _______ pitch, so the other instruments tune to the oboe at the start of a performance or rehearsal. Stable

The English Horn The Funny thing about this instrument is that it is neither English, nor is it a Horn!

Is only ___________ used in the orchestra It is also called the C__ A_____ Is a little larger than the oboe, and has a _________, ______ tone mellowerdarker The English Horn: Cor Anglais occasionally

The Bassoon Produces the _______ sound of all the double reed instruments. Is longer than it looks, as it doubles back on itself and the air exits at the top. Made from M______ or P____ wood. Lowest MaplePear

bell bocal reed Bass joint Boot joint Tenor joint The Bassoon

Clarinet

A member of the _________ family Usually made from a dense blackwood from Africa called __________ Student clarinets are often made from _______ Woodwind Grenadilla Plastic Clarinet

The Reed is attached to the Clarinet with a ___________ The Clarinet is a _____ _____ instrument. Single Reed Ligature

Parts of the clarinet Mouthpiece Lower Joint Reed Barrel Upper Joint Ligature Bell

The Saxophone

The Reed is attached with a _________ Ligature Is a _____ _____ woodwind instrument. Single Reed Most saxophones are made of ________ Brass

The Saxophone was Invented by in the A______ S__ ____’s Adolphe Sax 1840’s

Types of Saxophone AltoTenorBariton e Sopran o

Adolpe Sax thought his new instrument should be used in both _____ and _________. The Saxophone became one of the main instruments in ______ BandsOrchestras. Jazz.

Saxophone Family 60

Trumpet and Horn

Like other Brass instruments it is made from _________ The Trumpet The ________ pitched member of the brass family Brass! Highest

A Trumpet player buzzes their lips into a ___ shaped mouthpiece. Cup

The trumpet has a _________ bore, meaning that the size of the tube stays the same, like a long thin cylinder. cylindrical

The trumpeter blows air, through buzzing lips into the ___________ and on into the _____ _____. Mouthpiece Lead Pipe.

When pushed down, the ______ ______ redirect the air into extra tubing to change the overall _______ of the tube. Piston Valves Length

Parts of the Trumpet Bell Piston Valves Finger Hook Mouthpiece Tuning Slides Valve Casings

The Horn but it’s not really French! Often called the “_______ Horn” French

The Horns Mouthpiece is more ______ shaped The horn has a ________ bore, meaning that it gradually widens to a long, thin cone. Funnel Conical This gives the horn a softer, more ______ tone than the trumpet. mellow

Uses a different kind of valve from a trumpet, called a _______ valve. Rotary

The Players right hand is placed inside the _____. Bell. Once in a while the players hand can more farther into the bell, creating a distant, _______ sound. Muffled

__ feet or __ meters. If the horn were unwrapped, it would measure:

Parts of the Horn Mouthpiece Leadpipe Rotary Valves Valve Keys Finger Hook Bell Tuning Slides

Trombone and Tuba

The Trombone and Tuba are the lower- pitched Brass Instruments. Like all Brass Instruments they are made from _______ Brass!

Like other Brass Instruments the players must ____ their lips into a _________ to make sound. Buzz Mouthpiece The Formation of Buzzing lips is called the ____________ Embouchure

Instead of using valves like the trumpet, the trombone changes pitches with a ________ Slide. Because the slide can move smoothly in and out, the trombone is capable of an effect called a ________ Glissando.

Like the trumpet, the Trombone has a __________bore, giving it a loud and _____ tone. Clyindrical Bright Early forms of the trombone were called the KABTSUC (unscramble) SACKBUT

Parts of the Trombone Bell Slide Mouthpiece Tuning Slide

The Largest and ________ of the brass instruments The Tuba Lowest The Tuba has a ________ bore, giving it a _______ sound. Conical mellow

Parts of the Tuba Bell Mouthpiece Piston Valves Valve tubes

A variation of the Tuba – The _________ Sousaphone

The ________ Family Percussion

Percussion Instruments The player must H__, S_____ or S_____ the instrument to make sound. Some percussion instruments have _________ pitch, or they are described as “ _______.” HitScrapeShake Indefinite Untuned

The ___________ is a small drum played with wooden sticks. Some percussion instruments are called ______________ because they have a skin. Membranophones Snare Drum

The _________ is played with large padded beaters Bass Drum

T_____ T__ Tam Triangle Percussion instruments without skins are called ___________ Idiophones C____ Cymbals Crash Cymbals

_____ block C____ C_______ Wood blockClaves Castanets

Tuned Percussion

Another way of describing this is called “ ______ Percussion” Tuned Some Percussion Instruments produce a _______ _____, meaning that they create notes and play melodies definite pitch

Timpani Are large _______. Because they have skins, Timpani are M_______________. And they have definite P_____. drums. Membranophones. Pitch.

The Pitch can be adjusted with a foot ________. The tighter the drum, the _______ the pitch, and vice versa. People often call Timpani _______ Drums. pedal. higher Kettle

Keyboard Percussion The ____________’s metal bars create very high pitches with a penetrating tone. Glockenspiel

The __________ has wooden bars. Keyboard Percussion Xylophone

The _______ also has wooden bars, but can play lower pitches and has a fuller tone. Marimba Keyboard Percussion

The _______ ____ are a set of hollow metal tubes hung on a rack. Keyboard Percussion Tubular Bells

Keyboard Instruments

Orchestral music from the ________ period (about ) almost always features the harpsichord. It has a ________ sound. When a key is pressed, a plectrum ________ a string. Baroque Delicate Plucks

Has felt covered _________ that strike the strings. The Piano was invented in the beginning of the ___th Century. The first name for the piano was actually the __________ because it can play both ______and ______. 18th Hammers Pianoforte Loudly.Softly

The Modern Piano has ___ Keys. 88 Most often plays as a ____ Instrument (meaning by itself) Solo

101 The Harpsichord and Piano are ______phones because strings are struck to make sound. The Pipe Organ is an _____phone because air is blown through pipes to make sound. Chordophones aerophone

Pipe Organs have three or four __________(rows of keys) The B______ provide the air that is blown through the pipes. Manuals Bellows

The celesta is the ________ keyboard instrument Pressing the keys causes little metal ______ to be struck. Makes a delicate, ______ like sound. Smallest Plates Bell

In the Orchestra, the keyboard instruments are generally considered part of the __________ Section. Percussion

The Harp

The Harp is a special member of the _______ family of instruments Harps have been around for centuries, but the modern concert harp was developed in the __th Century. This kind of Harp has about ___ strings String 19th 45

107 Together the soundboard and the _________ make the harp louder and easier to hear. crown Tuning pins neck resonator soundboard pedals pedestal forepillar strings Resonator

108 3 crown Tuning pins neck resonator soundboard pedals pedestal strings The _________ gives the harp the strength to keep the strings tightly stretched. forepillar Forepillar

crown Tuning pins neck resonator soundboard pedals pedestal forepillar strings The whole harp rests on the __________ The ______ sits on top of the forepillar. Crown Pedestal.

crown Tuning pins neck resonator soundboard pedals pedestal forepillar strings

To play the instrument, the harpist sits behind the harp and rests it on his or her _________. To make it easier to play some of the strings are _________. All the F strings are _____, and all the C strings are ______. Shoulder. Coloured. Red. Blue

The harp has _______ pedals. Each one changes all the strings with a certain note name (A’s, B’s, C’s etc.) Modern harps are called ______ action harps, because the pedal can move the pitch in both directions. Seven double

The Harp was popular in the ____________ era of Music, when composers like Debussy highlighted the Harp in their music. The harp can do a special effect called the ____________ by brushing their finger across many strings. Romantic Glissando