Intro to the Kingdoms of Life Coach Fults Biology

6 Kingdoms of Life Biologists have always organized living things into large groups called kingdoms 1. Cell Type= organisms are either prokaryotes, which have prokaryotic cells, or eukaryotes, which have eukaryotic cells Most scientists generally recognize 2 kingdoms of prokaryotes and 4 kingdoms of eukaryotes

6 Kingdoms of Life Cell walls= the cells of the organisms in 4 kingdoms have a cell wall, which may be composed of different materials. The cells of the organisms in 1 kingdom do not have cell walls Body type= either unicellular or multicellular; 2 kingdoms consist of only unicellular organisms; 2 have both uni/multicellular; and the rest are all multicellular, which have tissues and organs

6 Kingdoms of Life Nutrition- autotrophs= they make food from inorganic materials heterotrophs= consumers Eubacteria, Archeabacteria, Protista, Fungi, Plantae, and Animalia Eubacteria and Archeabacteria used to be grouped together (Monera)

3 domains of life (based on ribosomal RNA) 1. Bacteria- which consists of of the kingdom Eubacteria; oldest 2. Archea- consists of kingdom Archaebacteria 3. Eukarya- has the other 4 kingdoms

Domain Bacteria Bacteria are prokaryotes that have the same kind of lipid in their cell membranes as do eukaryotes; they are found practically everywhere Bacteria are similar in structure, with no internal compartments, and they obtain nutrients in many different ways. There are several key characteristics common to all bacteria

Characteristics of Bacteria Cell wall- strong exterior cell wall made of peptidoglycan Gene structure- bacterial genes have no introns; instead, the entire gene is transcribed as a single mRNA transcipt Gene Translation Apparatus- amino acid sequences

Kinds of Bacteria Most abundant organisms on earth; there are more bacteria in your mouth than animals on earth Some cause disease/ some help Used to control agricultural pests, produce various chemicals, and help genetic engineering Traditionally bacteria have been classified by their shape, the nature of their cell wall, and their type of metabolism

Kinds of Bacteria Traditionally groupings of bacteria may change as we learn more about their DNA/RNA Some autotrophs and some are heterotrophs Help recycle carbon, nitrogen, and phosphorus

Domain Archae Archaebacteria are prokaryotes that seem to have diverged very early from bacteria They are more closely related to eukaryotes than bacteria All archaebacteria have certain features in common

Characteristics of Archaebacteria Cell Wall /Membrane- do not contain peptidoglycan; have many types of lipids than bacteria Gene Structure and Translation- have introns, similar ribosomal proteins like eukaryotes

Kinds of Archaebacteria 1 st archaebacteria identified by scientists live in extreme environments, such as hot springs and salty lakes Since then, we have learned that several “signature sequences” of DNA are common to them all Scientists took that knowledge and found them in ordinary soil and seawater

Kinds of Archaebacteria Methanogens- obtain energy by combing hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide to form methane gas; live deep in the mud of swamps and are poisoned by traces of oxygen

Kinds of Archaebacteria Extremophiles- live in extreme places; Thermophiles live in very hot places; Halophiles live in salty lakes that can be 3 times salty as seawater Nonextreme Archaebacteria- these grow in all the same environments that bacteria do

Domain Eukarya Made up of: Protista, Fungi, Plantae, Animalia All have eukaryotic cells

Characteristics of Eukarya Highly Organized Cell Interior- all have a nucleus with other internal compartments; allows specialization of functions within a single cell Multicellularity-activities of individual cells are coordinated and the cells themselves are in contact, occurs in eukaryotes Sexual Reproduction- provides haploid gametes giving rise to dipoloid individuals

Kinds of Eukarya Most unicellular eukayotes are grouped into Protista. Protista contains both uni/multicellular, many of which are aquatic Protists do not fit into any other kingdoms of eukaryotes Fungi are heterotrophs that are mostly mutlicellular. Fungi have cell walls made of chitin. 1 group of fungi, the yeasts, is unicellular. Fungi help decompose and can be parasitic

Kinds of Eukarya Plants and Animals are multicellular Plants are almost all autotroph and have cell walls made of cellulose Animals are all heterotrophs and lack a cell wall

The Many Forms of Multicellularity Some organisms are successful at being a single cell Some tend have had success in being part of a coordinated group of cells

Colonies Occasionally, the cell walls of bacteria adhere to one another Some bacteria, such as cyanobacteria, form filaments, sheets, or 3 –D formations of cells Colonial organism- is a group of cells that are permanently associated but do not communicate with one another

Aggregations Aggregation- is a temporary collection of cells that come together for a period of time and then separate Ex: plasmodial slime mold (at times of stress individuals can link up and produces spores for reproduction)

True Multicellularity Multicellular organism- composed of many cells that are permanently associated with one another Can grow larger Enables cells to specialize in different functions Cell specialization begins as a new organisms develops Differentiation- the process by which cells develop a specialized form and function

Complex Multicellularity Plants and animals Cells-tissues-organs-organ systems- organism

Kingdom Protista Most diverse Protists are defined as eukaryotes that are not plants, animals, or fungi Many are unicellular All single celled protists (except yeasts) are protists All have cell membrane, some have strong cell walls; diatoms/forams can produce glassy silica shells

Kingdom Protista Some are photosynthetic autotroph Some are heterotroph Some can move by flagella, pseudopods, or cilia When in stress can reproduce sexually Basis for the start of the food chain in the ocean

Kinds of Protists Protists That use Pseudopodia- ameobas are protists that have flexible surfaces with no cell walls that can extend their cytoplasm; Forams have porous shells that skinny projections of cytoplasm can be extended

Kinds of Protists Protists That use Flagella- whip-like projections or cilia Protists with Double Shells- diatoms are photosynthetic protists with unique shells made of silica; part of plankton in water environments Photosynthetic Algae- distinguished by the type of chlorophyll they contain; many are multicellular and reproduce sexually

Kinds of Protists Funguslike Protists- slime molds and water molds Spore-forming Protists- Sporozoans are nonmotile unicellular parasites that form spores. Responsible for many significant diseases, including malaria, have complex life cycles

Slime Molds and Water Molds

Kingdom Fungi Hyphae- long strands of cells that are connected end to end and share a cytoplasm Often hyphae, are packed together to form complex reproductive structures, such as mushrooms. Fungi reproduce by a variety of asexual and sexual methods Many are saprophytes (feed on dead) and parasites (feed on living)

Kinds of Fungi ( 3 phylla) Zygomycetes- form structures for sexual reproduction called zygosporangia; common bread mold Basidiomycetes- fungi that make mushrooms Ascomycetes- form sexual spores in special sac-like structures called asci

Kingdom Plantae Have vascular tissue- transports water and nutrients Cellulose cell wall

Kinds of Plants (4) Nonvascular plants- small, lack true roots, stems, and leaves (mosses) Seedless Vascular plants- ferns; reproduce by spores; surfaces are covered with thick wax to reduce water loss; have haploid/diploid phases in life cycle Nonflowering Seed plants-gymnosperms; produce seeds in cones; Flowering Seed plants- angiosperms; produce seeds in fruits; roses, grass,oaks

Kingdom Animalia 99% are invertebrates ( no backbone) Have muscles which allow movement Animal kingdom has about 35 phylla

Kinds of Animals Sponges and Cnidarians- jellyfish Mollusks- clams Worms- earthworms Arthropods- external skeleton; most diverse; insects Echinoderms- sea stars, sea urchins; can lose limbs and regenerate them Vertebrates- internal skeleton made of bone; mammals, fish, birds, reptiles, and amphibians

Ecological Role Detritivores- feed on waste and dead tissue