Chapter 12 Protists and Fungi

Terms to Learn Section 1 Protist - Protist - an organism that belongs to the Kingdom an organism that belongs to the Kingdom Protista Protista

Terms to Learn Section 1 Funguslike protist- Funguslike protist- protists that obtain food from dead organic matter or form the body of another organism

Terms to Learn Section 1 Spore- Spore- a small, reproductive cell protected by a thick cell coat

Terms to Learn Section 1 Algae- Algae- protists that convert the sun’s energy into food by photosynthesis

Terms to Learn Section 1 Phytoplankton- Phytoplankton- single-celled algae, that’s floats near the surface in the ocean

Terms to Learn Section 1 Protozoa- Protozoa- animal-like organisms that are single celled consumers

Section 1 Protists Most protists are aquatic. Some live in marine environments; others live in fresh water or in the water that surrounds soil particles. Still other protists live in the body fluids of other organisms. Most protists are aquatic. Some live in marine environments; others live in fresh water or in the water that surrounds soil particles. Still other protists live in the body fluids of other organisms.

Section 1 Protists Protists can reproduce by asexual and sexual reproduction. Remember in asexual reproduction the offspring are identical to the individual parent. Protists can reproduce by asexual and sexual reproduction. Remember in asexual reproduction the offspring are identical to the individual parent. All protists are eukaryotic– has nucleus All protists are eukaryotic– has nucleus The theory is that plants, animals, and fungi arose from simple protists in the past. The theory is that plants, animals, and fungi arose from simple protists in the past.

Section 1 Protists Some protists are producers while others are consumers Some protists are producers while others are consumers Protists are classified by the way they get energy Protists are classified by the way they get energy This creates the divisions of plant-like protists, animal-like protists, and fungus-like protists This creates the divisions of plant-like protists, animal-like protists, and fungus-like protists

Section 1 Funguslike The fungus-like protists get their energy from dead organic matter or by living in or on another organism The fungus-like protists get their energy from dead organic matter or by living in or on another organism Two types of fungus-like protists are: Two types of fungus-like protists are: 1. Slime molds 2. Water molds

Section 1 Slime Molds Slime molds are thin, colorful, shapeless globs of slime. Slime molds are thin, colorful, shapeless globs of slime. Most are single celled Most are single celled The molds can grow together in difficult times The molds can grow together in difficult times Live in cool, damp places in woods and in fresh water Live in cool, damp places in woods and in fresh water Eat bacteria, yeast and pieces of decaying plant and animal material Eat bacteria, yeast and pieces of decaying plant and animal material

Section 1 Slime Molds Will grow as long as there are food and water Will grow as long as there are food and water When times are difficult they wil form a starlike structure with rounds knobs at the top “p.295 figure 3” When times are difficult they wil form a starlike structure with rounds knobs at the top “p.295 figure 3” The knobs contain spores The knobs contain spores Spores- small reproductive cells and have a thick coat; this thick coat allows them to survive for a long time without food or water. Spores- small reproductive cells and have a thick coat; this thick coat allows them to survive for a long time without food or water.

Section 1 Slime Molds When the correct conditions occur these spores will become new slime molds When the correct conditions occur these spores will become new slime molds

Slime Mold

Section 1 Water Molds The water mold is a fungus-like protists- don’t forget The water mold is a fungus-like protists- don’t forget Some are decomposers, but many are parasitic (which means they invade other organisms) Some are decomposers, but many are parasitic (which means they invade other organisms) Ever heard of the great Potatoe Famine in the mid-1800’s? Ever heard of the great Potatoe Famine in the mid-1800’s? a water mold single handly wiped out all the potatoes in Ireland for many years- so knowing what they are could be a benefit to you!

Water Molds

Section 1 Plant-like Protists These require the sun’s energy to survive These require the sun’s energy to survive These are commonly called “Algae” These are commonly called “Algae” Contain a green pigment chlorophyll Contain a green pigment chlorophyll Anyone remember what pigment gives us the colors red and yellow in leaves? carotenoids

Section 1 Plant-like Protist The single-celled algae are called phytoplankton. The single-celled algae are called phytoplankton. They make up a majority of the worlds oxygen.

Phytoplankton You may know these as kelp or seaweed because they grow typically close to shores You may know these as kelp or seaweed because they grow typically close to shores

Section 1 Plant-like Protists Classified by their color and cell structure Classified by their color and cell structure We will take a look at 6 types: We will take a look at 6 types: 1. Red Algae 2. Brown Algae 3. Green Algae 4. Diatoms 5. Dinoflagellates 6. Eugleniods

1. Red Algae Majorly the world’s seaweed Majorly the world’s seaweed Live in tropical water attached to rocks or other substrates Live in tropical water attached to rocks or other substrates They have chorophyll and a red pigment They have chorophyll and a red pigment The red acts as an filter for the light that penetrates deeper in the water Ex. Sebdenia The red acts as an filter for the light that penetrates deeper in the water Ex. Sebdenia

1. Red Algae

2. Brown Algae These are found in environments that are cool These are found in environments that are cool They also can attach the rocks and have been know to congregate, and form large floating beds on the surface of the ocean. They also can attach the rocks and have been know to congregate, and form large floating beds on the surface of the ocean. Contain chorophyll and yellow-brown pigments Contain chorophyll and yellow-brown pigments Food is produced only where it receives sunlight Food is produced only where it receives sunlight

2. Brown Algae

3. Green Algae Contains chorophyll Contains chorophyll Live in water and damp soils Live in water and damp soils Can be either single-celled or multicellular Can be either single-celled or multicellular Individual cells usually form colonies-- Ex. Volvox Individual cells usually form colonies-- Ex. Volvox Are all algaes consumers, producers, or decompsers??????????? Are all algaes consumers, producers, or decompsers???????????

3. Green Algae

Products from Algae Agar is created from the cell walls of red algae for growing bacteria Agar is created from the cell walls of red algae for growing bacteria Algin (brown algae) is used as a thickening agent in ice cream, milkshakes, pie fillings, and weight control drinks Algin (brown algae) is used as a thickening agent in ice cream, milkshakes, pie fillings, and weight control drinks Algin is also used in latex paints Algin is also used in latex paints

4. Diatoms Single-celled organisms Single-celled organisms Found in salt, brackish, and fresh water Found in salt, brackish, and fresh water Make up a huge part of the phytoplankton Make up a huge part of the phytoplankton Energy from photosynthesis Energy from photosynthesis They can be free or attached to rocks and etc.. They can be free or attached to rocks and etc.. Strange shapes and usually enclosed in a shell Strange shapes and usually enclosed in a shell

4. Diatoms

5. Dinoflagellates Most are single-celled algae Most are single-celled algae Live primarily in salt water Live primarily in salt water They have 2 flagella (whip-like appendage) that they use to move They have 2 flagella (whip-like appendage) that they use to move Most use photosynthesis, but a few are consumers Most use photosynthesis, but a few are consumers

5. Dinoflagellates

6. Eugleniods Live in fresh water Live in fresh water Have characteristics of plants and animals Have characteristics of plants and animals Have one flagella Have one flagella They can eat small protists or absorb dissolved nutrients They can eat small protists or absorb dissolved nutrients Ex. Euglena Ex. Euglena

6. Euglenoids

Amoeba-like Protists Amoeba is a soft jelly-like protozoan Amoeba is a soft jelly-like protozoan Found in salt and fresh water Found in salt and fresh water Have vacuoles that can contract to squeeze out excess water Have vacuoles that can contract to squeeze out excess water Move by the use of a pseudopodia (false foot) Move by the use of a pseudopodia (false foot) Eat small bacteria and small protists Eat small bacteria and small protists Senses food, surrounds the food with its foot and creates a food vacuole Senses food, surrounds the food with its foot and creates a food vacuole

Section 1 Animal-like Protist Single-celled consumers Single-celled consumers Also known as Protozoas Also known as Protozoas Some are parasites Some are parasites Protozoas are divided into 4 divisions: Protozoas are divided into 4 divisions: 1. Amoeba-like protists 2. Flagellates 3. Ciliates 4. Spore forming protists

1. Amoeba-like Protist Some amoebas are parasitic Some amoebas are parasitic Not all amoeba-like protozoans look like amoebas Not all amoeba-like protozoans look like amoebas Radiolarians-have shells that look like glass ornaments Radiolarians-have shells that look like glass ornaments Foraminiferans- have snail-like shells Foraminiferans- have snail-like shells

1. Amoebas

2. Flagellates These are protozoans that have a flagella to move These are protozoans that have a flagella to move Some are parasites and can cause diseases Some are parasites and can cause diseases Giardia can cause diarrhea and cramps Giardia can cause diarrhea and cramps Some live in a symbiosis with other organisms Some live in a symbiosis with other organisms Flagellates and termites; the flagellates lives in the gut of a termite and digest wood for the termite “figure 12 p.300” Flagellates and termites; the flagellates lives in the gut of a termite and digest wood for the termite “figure 12 p.300”

3. Ciliates Most complex of the protozoa Most complex of the protozoa Have hundred of small thread like hairs called cilia which help it move. Have been clocked to 60 beats per second!!! Have hundred of small thread like hairs called cilia which help it move. Have been clocked to 60 beats per second!!! Have 2 nuclei; Macronucleus- directs everyday functions, Micronucleus- passes genes during sexual reproduction Have 2 nuclei; Macronucleus- directs everyday functions, Micronucleus- passes genes during sexual reproduction

3. Ciliates

4. Spore-Forming Protists These are all parasites These are all parasites They absorb nutrients from a host They absorb nutrients from a host No cilia or flagella No cilia or flagella May involve 2 host in their life cycle May involve 2 host in their life cycle Plasmodium vivax causes malaria; people get malaria from mosquitoes carrying its spores Plasmodium vivax causes malaria; people get malaria from mosquitoes carrying its spores Life cycle on p.302 Life cycle on p.302

4. Spore-Forming Protists

Section 2: Fungi Characteristics of fungi include: are eukayotic consumers, parasites, decomposers, shapes, sizes, and colors. Classified by shape how they reproduce Characteristics of fungi include: are eukayotic consumers, parasites, decomposers, shapes, sizes, and colors. Classified by shape how they reproduce Must live near or on their food supply Must live near or on their food supply All fungi are made up of eukaryotic cells All fungi are made up of eukaryotic cells These cells can form chains called hyphae These cells can form chains called hyphae These hyphae can combine to create mycelium; the mycelium is usually found below ground These hyphae can combine to create mycelium; the mycelium is usually found below ground

Fungi Reproduction Asexual Asexual Hyphae can break apart and form new individual Hyphae can break apart and form new individual Spores- which are spread by wind because they are light Spores- which are spread by wind because they are light Sexual Special structures form to make sex cells and those join to make sexual spores

Thread-like Fungi Molds fit into this “ex. Bread mold” Molds fit into this “ex. Bread mold” Shapeless and very fuzzy Shapeless and very fuzzy Most live in the soil Most live in the soil Mainly decomposers, but a few are parasitic Mainly decomposers, but a few are parasitic Reproduce asexually by forming sporangia that holds thousands of spores Reproduce asexually by forming sporangia that holds thousands of spores

Sac Fungi Largest group of fungi Largest group of fungi Includes yeast and truffles Includes yeast and truffles Sexual reproduction involves a special organ called an ascus. The ascus looks like a sac and that is where they get the name sac fungi. Sexual reproduction involves a special organ called an ascus. The ascus looks like a sac and that is where they get the name sac fungi. Yeast is involved in making bread; trapped carbon dioxide in the yeast cause it to rise Yeast is involved in making bread; trapped carbon dioxide in the yeast cause it to rise Examples: Chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease Examples: Chestnut blight, Dutch elm disease

Sac Fungi

Club Fungi You may be more familiar with these because of their umbrella-shape mushrooms You may be more familiar with these because of their umbrella-shape mushrooms The mushroom grows on the outer part of the hyphae, which causes them to usually grow in circles The mushroom grows on the outer part of the hyphae, which causes them to usually grow in circles Gill fungi is the most common, under the cap of the mushroom you will find gills or slits Gill fungi is the most common, under the cap of the mushroom you will find gills or slits Not all gill mushrooms are edible; do not eat mushrooms unless they are in packages at Sam’s Club or Brookshires Not all gill mushrooms are edible; do not eat mushrooms unless they are in packages at Sam’s Club or Brookshires

Club Fungi cont… Mushrooms are not the only club fungi Mushrooms are not the only club fungi Bracket fungi, puffballs, smuts, and rusts Bracket fungi, puffballs, smuts, and rusts Smuts and rusts are parasitic to plants and often attack crops Smuts and rusts are parasitic to plants and often attack crops

Club Fungi cont…

Imperfect Fungi These are the oddballs These are the oddballs Reproduce asexually and cause diseases in plants and animals Reproduce asexually and cause diseases in plants and animals Athelete’s Foot Athelete’s Foot Penicillin-source for antibiotics Penicillin-source for antibiotics Others help make cheeses, soy sauce, and citric acid in soft drinks Others help make cheeses, soy sauce, and citric acid in soft drinks

Imperfect Fungi

Lichens These are a combination of fungi and algae These are a combination of fungi and algae The algae actually lives inside the wall of the fungus The algae actually lives inside the wall of the fungus Producers; they have thick cell walls which allows them to even survive in deserts and in the arctic Producers; they have thick cell walls which allows them to even survive in deserts and in the arctic They only need air, light, and minerals to grow; this is why they can grow on rocks They only need air, light, and minerals to grow; this is why they can grow on rocks They make acids that break down the rocks and cause cracks They make acids that break down the rocks and cause cracks

Lichens cont… Bits of rock and dead lichen fall into the cracks forming a soil that allows other organism to grow in the crack Bits of rock and dead lichen fall into the cracks forming a soil that allows other organism to grow in the crack Lichens absorb water and minerals through the air; they are good indicators of pollution Lichens absorb water and minerals through the air; they are good indicators of pollution So if you got outside and find lichens, the chances are that the air you are breathing in is clean So if you got outside and find lichens, the chances are that the air you are breathing in is clean

Lichens

The End

Microscope Activity Divide up into groups (4 stations Each member make a wet mount of the water in the beaker (from Lake Palestine) On a sheet of paper answer the following questions during your lab. 1. Draw what you see in the microscope. 2. What did you see moving? 3. What types of protists did you see, give example? 4. Place in folder when finished, and return to your station.