WELCOME TO THE CLASS OF CRM 1201 CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT MAC 2011 DAY : Monday, Tuesday, Friday TIME: am, am, VENUE:BK 5

LECTURER INTRODUCTION Sir AFIQ NAQIUDDIN BIN Qiu Bachelor Eng.Aerospace (hons),USM *On-going Msc Aerospace Eng,(Airline Planning),UPM Working exp: Airod Sdn Bhd~ “I can assist you in the future concerning any business matters, please do not hesitate to call me=)”

Course Assessments Attendance = 5% Assignment = 15% Test = 20% -public speaking (10%) - Writing test (10%) Final Examination = 60% Total = 100 %

Course Materials Barbara Ginki,Robert L.Helmreich,Jose Anca.CREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENT -2 th Edition.Elsevier CAA CAP 737 Crew Resource Management (CRM) Training, CAA (2006). John A. Wise, Daniel J. Garland, and V. David Hopkins, Handbook of Aviation Human Factors, Second Edition (Human Factors in Transportation), CRC Press, 2009 Handbook of Aviation Human Factors, Second Edition (Human Factors in Transportation) Internet…..etc.

Course Contents Content 10 chapter: Chapter 1:INTRODUCTION OF CRM Chapter 2:GENERATION OF CRM Chapter 3:CRM SITUATIONAL AWARNESS Chapter 4:COGNITIVE SKILL –DECISION MAKING Chapter 5:INTERPERSONAL-COMMUNICATION SKILLS mid-test Chapter 6:INTERPERSONAL-TEAMWORKS Chapter 7:WORKLOAD Chapter 8:PERSONAL&ATTITUDE Chapter 9:STRESS Chapter 10:SLEEP,JETLAG,FATIGUE

Course Outcomes By the end of this subject, student should be able to:  Realize the need of CRM training in aviation  Understanding the basic concept of CRM  Understanding the role of crew in CRM  Understanding the concept of error chain  List the elements in the CRM  Identify the resource in CRM

How to be an effective and smart student?? Recite the prayer before and after the class. Give 100% attention to the lecture. Participate and active in class  Question and answer Study in the group.  Teach your friend if you know better.  Using mind map instead of learning by heart. Always meet the lecturer to discuss any academic problem.

WHO WANT TO GET “A” IN CRM?? ~~YES!!!!! YOU WANT IT…BUT HOW???~~ Attend the CRM class Pay 100% attention Do exercise Do assignment See lecturer Do well in mid-term test Do well in final exam

Reminder! In my class : Please be punctual and not late than 15 minutes. Please wearing proper attire for the class session. Please pay attention during the class. You may eat sweetie, candy, chocolate but not heavy food. Set a goal in your life: Know your goal and plan properly. Do revision/study before and after class time. Eager to do research. Put interest in the subject. Discipline (e.g. always be punctual!!). Always put academic as your priority. Keeping good mental and physical health. Spend some time for meditation (pray). Train to have strong imagination.

WHY AIRCRAFT ACCIDENT HAPPENED?

Percent of Accidents with Known Causes

The Fact!!! In the 1970's investigators discovered that more than 70% of air crashes involve human error in a culture and work environment in the cockpit rather than failures of equipment or weather.

ACCIDENT CAUSES (HUMAN VS MECHANICAL) HUMAN FACTORS CAUSES MECHANICAL HUMAN

United Airlines DC-8 Flight 173 December 28,  The plane ran out of fuel and crashed, killing 10.  CAUSES -Loss of Situational Awareness -Lack of Assertiveness

Tenerife airport disaster March 27 th Pan-Am Boeing 747 and KLM Boeing 747 collide on the runway at Tenerife airport. (worst accident in history). 583 peoples killed. CAUSES o Loss of Situational Awareness o Poor communications o Poor Decision Making o Stress

Mid-Air Collision November 12, 1996 Saudi Arabian airliner and a Kazakhstan plane collided in mid-air near New Delhi, India. 349 peoples onboard both aircraft died. CAUSES Poor Communication due to language barriers problem.

RESULT 17 As the result, some major air disasters, the concept of cockpit resource management, now called Crew Resource Management (CRM), was born.

Video of plane crash

19 NASA research on the human error causes of air transport accidents:  Interpersonal Communications  Decision Making  Leadership Today, with crew performance the most significant threat to aviation safety, the industry has responded with an ambitious program to support effective crew coordination and performance: Crew Resource Management training

CRM History 20 Originated from a NASA workshop in 1979 that focused on improving air safety. The workshop on “Resource Management on the Flight Deck” and the study of flight crew performance in a B747 simulator started the process. Now, CRM training for crew has been introduced and developed by aviation organizations including major airlines and military aviation worldwide.

What is CRM? 21 Management system (Non-Technical Knowledge) which makes optimum use of all available resources (equipment, people, and others) to promote safety and enhance the efficiency of flight operations

RESOURCE OF CRM 22 People Pilots Cabin crews Air Traffic Control Passengers etc. Equipment Instruments in cockpit and cabin Others (Procedure) Checklist chart Operation manual etc. Resources of CRM

Elements of CRM 23 CommunicationLeadership Workload Management Decision Making Teamwork Situational Awareness Crew personality Crew Stress Crew Fatigu e Elements of CRM

Objectives of CRM 24 OPTIMIZE HUMAN PERFORMANCE REDUCE HUMAN ERROR

Why CRM? 25 CRM training can enhance the ability to prevent and manage flight crew errors, and in maintaining continuity in flight crew performance of duties

Aircrew -Pilot in command (Captain) -Flight Officer (F/O) Flight Engineer (F/E) Flight Attendance (F/A) /Cabin Crew Aircrew are the personnel who operate an aircraft while in flight. The composition of the crew depends on the type of aircraft as well as the purpose of the flight Who is the Aircrew/Flight crew ?? 26

PilotCabin Crew (Flight Attendance) Administration Schedule and monitor the operation and maintenance of aircraft Cabin Service Ensure passengers are comfortable Informing and guide the passengers of the aircraft safety procedures Making announcement on behalf pilot and answering passenger questions. Reassuring passengers and ensuring passengers follow all safety procedures Provide first aid to passenger if necessary. Pilot aircraft Make critical decision Determine airworthiness Plan the flight route, acquire and interpret current and forecast weather information. Determine amount of fuel necessary Operate aircraft communication and radios Aircraft Maintenance Inspect aircraft condition Schedule aircraft maintenance and make sure maintenance is done according to FAA regulation. Technical Assistance Role of Crew 27

CRM Goal 28 Pilot Flight Attendance Goal: Safety of the flight and passengers

The Error Chain 29 In aviation “error chain” is a term referring to the concept that many contributing factors typically lead to an accident (mishap) Should any of the links be “broken,” then the mishap probably will not occur It is up to each crewmember to recognize a link and break the error chain.

The Error Chain For example, inadequate communications between crew members and other parties could lead to a loss of situational awareness, a breakdown in teamwork in the aircraft, and ultimately to a wrong decision or series of decisions which result in a serious incident or a fatal accident. Now please take a look the good example when CRM is applied….

US Airways Flight 1549 January 15, Flight crew reported that the aircraft had struck a flock of birds, and that both engines had failed. Successfully ditched in the Hudson River. All 155 survive. This accident is the example of: Good teamwork: practicing by all air crew in handling the difficult situations. Good decision making: done by pilot to solve the problems Good communication: among pilot, ATC & Ground crews to bring the aircraft to emergency landing and evacuation

Conclusion 32 Commercial aviation in fact is one of the safest forms of transportation.. Anyone who is involved with the aircraft’s mission, anyone who is part of the crew, has his/her own role to play in CRM. Aviation observer has projected that this industry focus on crew performance has the potential to double system safety. CRM training is the regulatory component of the United Nations that required for all 185 countries by ICAO

33 Aviation in itself is not inherently dangerous. But to an even greater degree than the sea, it is terribly unforgiving of any carelessness, incapacity or neglect.

SUMMARY 34 Definition of CRM Objectives of CRM Resources in CRM Importance of CRM training Role and Goal of Crew in CRM Elements of CRM Error Chain

References 35 Driskell, E. Adams, J. (1992). Crew resource management: an introductory handbook. Washington DC. (2006). CAA CAP 737 Crew Resource Management Training

36 End of Presentation #1 Q/A session

Exercise!! What is the CRM all about and how this programmed could improve the air crew performance in flight? Briefly describe the concept of ERROR CHAIN in aviation. Explain the cognitive skills and interpersonal skills required in general.

Quote of the Day 38 Man must rise above the Earth—to the top of the atmosphere and beyond—for only thus will he fully understand the world in which he lives. — Socrates