Chapter 19-1 The Oceans

World Oceans World Ocean – body of salt water covering much of the Earth’s surface Ocean – major body of salt water Sea – smaller body of salt water Gulf – body of salt water almost surrounded by a land mass and connected to an ocean Bay – smaller body of salt water surrounded by a land mass and connected to an ocean * 75% of the Earth’s surface is covered by water

World Oceans Pacific Ocean *more than half the volume of the world’s ocean water *noted as the deepest and largest; averages 4.3 km deep Atlantic Ocean *second largest ocean; averages 3.3 km deep Indian Ocean *third largest ocean; averages 3.8 km deep Southern Ocean * Extends from Antarctica to 60 ⁰ south latitude Arctic Ocean *Smallest ocean which surrounds the North Pole.

Oceanography Oceanography – study of the Earth’s oceans Matthew Maury- (1855) naval officer who recorded ocean currents, winds, depths and weather conditions through his travels. (Father of Oceanography) HMS Challenger (1872)- British Naval Vessel that measured water temperatures and samples, depths in the Atlantic, Pacific and Indian oceans. JOIDES Resolution (1990’s)- deep sea drilling ship. Took samples from the ocean floor.

Chapter 19-2 Exploring the Oceans

Deep sea drilling Ocean floor composition Thousands of ocean floor samples from around the Earth Up to 4 miles deep into the seafloor bed

SONAR – echo sounding system that bounces sound waves off the ocean floor * SOund Navigation And Ranging Research Tools

Satellite imaging

Undersea Research Submersible – underwater research vessel

ages/trieste1.jpeg e/earthscience/pow/images/bathys phere.gif nel/titanic/images/dis_14.jpg Bathyscaph or Bathyscaphe Bathysphere Remote Operated Vehicle (ROV) Modern deep sea submersible

Tube worms have estimated lifespan of years Ecosystem depends on Hydrogen Sulfide (H 2 S) energy from the earth. 23/galapagosquest/vents.jpg ms.gif

Chapter 10-3 Properties of the Oceans

Salinity – amount of dissolved salt in ocean water

Main ions (g/kg) at a salinity of 35 0 / 00 Sodium (Na+) Magnesium (Гg++) Calcium (Лэ++) Potassium ( +) Strontium (Sr++) Chlorine (Cl+) Sulphates (SO 4 --) Hydrocarbons (ХЛ‘ 3 -) Bromine (¬r- ) Fluorine (F-) Boric acid (Х 3 ¬‘ 3 ) d/seemore2.html

Thermocline – layer of ocean water in which the temperature drops sharply with depth

Desalination – process which removes salt from ocean water

Chapter 10-7 Ocean sediments

The Ocean Floor Ocean sediment is made up of; naturally eroded material from land mass – runoff remains of organisms dust and ash from volcanoes dust from space anything falling into the sea that sinks will settle on the bottom

Ocean Floor Sediment Nodule – lump found on the ocean floor Ooze – ocean sediment that contains the remains of many ocean organisms

Nodules are made up of these valuable elements: manganese (20%) iron (10%) copper (0.3%) nickel (0.3%) cobalt (0.3%) Microsoft® Encarta® Reference Library © Microsoft Corporation. All rights reserved.