1.In which lobe is the primary somatosensory cortex located? What is its purpose? 2.A knee-jerk reflex is considered to be a two-neuron reflex arc. Describe the difference between a two-neuron and three-neuron reflex arc. 3.Which lobes does the lateral fissure separate? 4.What is the function of the occipital lobe? 5.In which lobe are auditory and smelling sensations interpreted? 6.What structure connects the two hemispheres of the brain? 7.How can you explain an amputee experiencing sensations, even pain, in their phantom limb based on your knowledge of the cerebral cortex? DO NOW 1/28/15

 Individuals who undergo amputations sometimes feel extreme pain in their amputated “limb” even after its removal  MTM MTM PHANTOM LIMBS

 Describe the protective structures of the brain  Identify the structures of the diencephalon  Describe the functions of the thalamus and hypothalamus  Create graphs that illustrate experimental results BY THE END OF CLASS TODAY, WE WILL BE ABLE TO

THE MENINGES Dura mater - outermost layer Arachnoid mater - no blood vessels, in between layer (resembles a spider web) Pia mater -inner membrane, contains nerves and blood vessels to nourish cells

Dura mater is being peeled away in this photo.

VENTRICLES  Four fluid-filled cavities in the brain that contain cerebrospinal fluid

CEREBROSPINAL FLUID (CSF)  Clear, colorless liquid that circulates in the ventricles and within the dura  Functions of CSF:  Buoyancy – brain floats in the CSF which keeps it from being crushed by its own weight  Protection – cushions against sudden movements  Environmental stability – transports nutrients and chemicals and removes waste from the brain

 Consists of 3 parts:  Midbrain  Pons  Medulla oblongata BRAIN STEM

 Visual reflexes and eye movements  Superior colliculi – visual reflex center, track moving objects and turn eyes and head in response to visual stimulus  Inferior colliculi – auditory reflex center, turn head and eyes in the direction of a sound MIDBRAIN

 Pons = Sensory and motor connections extend to the brain and spinal cord  Medulla oblongata = controls heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory rate PONS & MEDULLA OBLONGATA

CEREBELLUM  Second largest part of the brain (after cerebrum)  Lies under the occipital lobe of the cerebrum  Helps control muscle contractions to produce coordinated movements, maintain balance, move smoothly, and sustain normal posture

THE LIMBIC SYSTEM  A group of structures in the brain that work together to process and experience emotions and memories  “emotional brain”  Hippocampus – plays a major role in memory storage and forming long-term memories  Because you would remember if you saw a hippo on campus…  Amygdala – connects to the hippocampus and is involved with storing emotions with memories, especially fear  Olfactory bulbs, tracts, and cortex – odors provoke certain emotions or memories?

 “in-between” or “inter” brain  Includes:  Thalamus  Hypothalamus DIENCEPHALON

 “Relay station” and “filter”  All incoming sensory information is processed in the thalamus  Not all sensory information is forwarded to the cerebrum because the thalamus filters out sensory information THALAMUS

 Regulates the autonomic nervous system  Hormones  Heart rate  Sleep-wake cycle  Blood pressure  Body temperature  Hunger  hsim5/Hunger%20And%20The%20Fa t%20Rat/PsychSim_Shell.html hsim5/Hunger%20And%20The%20Fa t%20Rat/PsychSim_Shell.html HYPOTHALAMUS