Trends in the global pattern in the trade in food - and the role of the UK Mike Garratt and Antonella Teodoro 27 th October 2015, H.Q.S. Wellington, London _presentation_v10

1. Paper will cover Food’s share of world trade Global trends in the trade in food The EU share of world trade UK share and shifting trading relationship Implications for the maritime sector

2.World Trade Volumes - billions Tonnes CAGR All tonnes: % of which Energy % Industrial goods & raw materials % Consumer goods % Food stuffs % Total containerised/unitised % Estimated value - Trillions US$ (2014 values) CAGR All value: % of which Energy % Industrial goods & raw materials % Consumer goods % Food stuffs % Total containerised/unitised % Global trade growing: - 4.1% p.a. by tonnes - 4.7% p.a. by (real) value Food trade growing: - 4.9% p.a. by tonnes - 3.5% p.a. by (real) value Over same time period: - 2.0% p.a. GDP growth - 1.2% p.a. pop. growth Global trade in food growing 1.5% > GDP

3. Trends by broad sectors: billion tonnes - and medium term forecasts Consumer goods expected to grow fastest Food growing 2.7% p.a. - versus current population +1.1% p.a. Based on trends: - food trade to grow 1.6% p.a. faster than population - Trade benefits from urbanization and economic specialization

4. Food: tonnes & values by cargo group Volumes - millions Tonnes CAGR Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) % Dairy Products & Eggs % Fish & Fish Preparations % Cereals & Cereal Preparations % Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts % Sugar & Sugar Preparations % Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices % Animal Feedingstuffs % Beverages % Grand Total , % Estimated value - Trillions US$ (2014 values) CAGR Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) % Dairy Products & Eggs % Fish & Fish Preparations % Cereals & Cereal Preparations % Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts % Sugar & Sugar Preparations % Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices % Animal Feedingstuffs % Beverages % Grand Total , % Consistent tonnage growth across all categories except beverages Real value growing at similar rate to tonnes - except beverages $/tonne +5% p.a.

5. Meat: Inter-regional distribution and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Volumes tripled 54% growth to Asia 59% growth from Americas

6. Cereals: Inter-regional distribution and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISCLatin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Volumes +79% 60% growth to Asia/Gulf/ISC Both Latin America and European exports grow by 35%

7. Dairy: Inter-regional distribution and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa0.0 Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa0.0 Grand Total Volumes +153% 52% growth to Asia 38% growth from Europe 33% growth from Australasia

8. Fish: Inter-regional distribution and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Growth of 138% Growth mainly to Asia and Europe Growth mainly from Asia

9. Animal feed: Inter-regional distribution and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Volumes grew 86% 54% of all growth to Asia 76% of all growth from Americas

10. Beverages: Inter-regional change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Low growth in volume (+13%) Main decline Europe to Gulf/ISC Asia imports grew +162%

11. Fruit & veg.: Inter-regional distribution and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Volumes grew 105% 42% all grow to Gulf/ISC 28% all growth from Latin America

12. Sugar (etc.) inter-regional distribution and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Volumes grew 78% 43% growth to Gulf/ISC Almost all net growth from Latin America

13. Tea/Coffee etc.: Inter-regional distrib. and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc.0.0 Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Volumes grew 78% 41% growth to Europe 30% growth from Asia

14. All food: Inter-regional distribution and change 2014 Tonnages (million tonnes) Change 1996 – 2014 (million tonnes) From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total From To:Asia Australasia & Oceania Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Asia Australasia & Oc Gulf & ISC Latin America N Europe & Med North America Sub S Africa Grand Total Volumes grew 95% 64% growth to Asia/Gulf + ISC 45% growth from Americas

15. Intra N Europe & Med m tonnes SITC at 2-digit level absolute terms % terms Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) % Dairy Products & Eggs % Fish & Fish Preparations % Cereals & Cereal Preparations % Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts % Sugar & Sugar Preparations % Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices % Animal Feedingstuffs % Beverages % Grand Total: intra Europe & Med % Grand Total: deep-sea % Overall total % Intra European food trade doubled Growth highest in cereals - lowest in fish and sugar Internal growth much faster than deep-sea imports

16. Importers: Focus on individual importing countries: principle changes countries where imports 2014 > 10m tonnes Destination Country Thousands Tonnes, 1996 Thousands Tonnes, % change CAGR Vietnam %20% Iraq %18% Bangladesh %16% Iran %13% UAE %9% Algeria %8% Thailand %7% China %6% Egypt %6% Saudi Arabia %6% Vietnam fastest growing importer - and in absolute terms China

17. Exporters: focus on individual source countries: principle changes countries where exports tonnes 2014 > 10m tonnes Fastest growing exporter Ukraine - and in absolute terms Brazil Origin Country Thousands Tonnes, 1996 Thousands Tonnes, % change CAGR Ukraine %13% Czech Republic %12% Poland %11% Romania %10% Vietnam %10% Brazil %7% Russia %7% Mexico %6% Turkey %6% India %6%

18. UK imports 2014, thousands tonnes Total Imports into the UK Imports from N Europe Imports from Mediterranean Imports from N America, S America, Africa and Australasia Other Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) Dairy Products & Eggs Fish & Fish Preparations Cereals & Cereal Preparations Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts Sugar & Sugar Preparations Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices Animal Feedingstuffs Beverages Grand Total Total UK food imports 32.5m tonnes - 71% from Europe/Med Principal imports fruit & vegetables (29%)

19. UK imports 2014 ‘000s tonnesmain commodities ‘Maize unmilled’ and ‘Other wheat’ equal 12% all food imports to UK Wine, water and beer equate to 10% Top 20 SITC at 5-dgit levelTonnes Maize (not including sweet corn), unmilled; other2,104 Other wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled1,764 Oil-cake and other solid residues (except dregs), whether or not ground or in the form of pellets, resulting from the extraction of fats or oils from oil-seeds, oleaginous fruits and germs of cereals;of soya beans 1,486 Wine of fresh grapes (other than sparkling wine); grape must with fermentation prevented or arrested by the addition of alcohol1,262 Bananas (including plantains), fresh or dried1,143 Waters (including mineral waters and aerated waters) containing added sugar or other sweetening matter or flavoured, and other non- alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. 1,020 Beer made from malt (including ale, stout and porter)869 Cane sugar, raw723 Waters, including natural or artificial mineral waters and aerated waters, not containing added sugar or other sweetening matter nor flavoured; ice and snow. 647 Other bread, pastry, cakes, biscuits and other bakers' wares, whether or not containing cocoa in any proportion; communion wafers, empty cachets of a kind suitable for pharmaceutical use, sealing wafers, rice-paper and similar products. 604 Cane molasses533 Preparations of a kind used for animal food, n.e.s.532 Bran, sharps and other residues, whether or not in the form of pellets, derived from the sifting, milling or other working of cereals or of leguminous plants;of leguminous plants 513 Potatoes prepared or preserved otherwise than by vinegar or acetic acid, frozen502 Other vegetables, fresh or chilled487 Oil-cake and other solid residues (except dregs), whether or not ground or in the form of pellets, resulting from the extraction of fats or oils from oil-seeds, oleaginous fruits and germs of cereals;of sunflower seeds 471 Apples, fresh438 Oil-cake and other solid residues (except dregs), whether or not ground or in the form of pellets, resulting from the extraction of fats or oils from oil-seeds, oleaginous fruits and germs of cereals;of palm nuts or kernels 430 Tomatoes, fresh or chilled398 Orange juice391 Others16,128 Grand Total32,445

20. Changes in UK sourcing 1996 – absolute (‘000s tonnes) and % change Changes in UK sourcing % Total Imports into the UK Imports from N Europe Imports from Mediterranean Imports from N America, S America, Africa and Australasia Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals)68%72%226%-8% Dairy Products & Eggs113%130%447%-67% Fish & Fish Preparations44%21%78%40% Cereals & Cereal Preparations88%55%635%-3% Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts48%66%20%55% Sugar & Sugar Preparations0%170%-60%-36% Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices16%92%207%-41% Animal Feedingstuffs11%55%578%-28% Beverages118%103%109%198% Grand Total49%74%84%0% Changes in UK sourcing Total Imports into the UK Imports from N Europe Imports from Mediterranean Imports from N America, S America, Africa and Australasia Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) Dairy Products & Eggs Fish & Fish Preparations Cereals & Cereal Preparations Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts Sugar & Sugar Preparations Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices Animal Feedingstuffs Beverages Grand Total Growth 84% over 18 years Growth fastest in beverages…..decline greatest in dairy

21. UK Imports countries where imports (from) > 100,000 tonnes Destination Country Thousands Tonnes, 1996 Thousands Tonnes, % change CAGR Algeria3,011468, %32% Egypt14,548311, %19% Irish Republic1,608,5723,036,00489%4% Netherlands879,5901,220,42739%2% USA344,160445,27329%1% France1,275,600961,850-25%-2% Belgium558,237414,398-26%-2% Spain1,377,910932,161-32%-2% Portugal457,194260,688-43%-3% Germany1,058,763592,495-44%-3% Greatest absolute increases from Ireland, Algeria and Netherlands Declines to Spain and Germany

22. UK exports 2014, thousands tonnes Total UK food exports 11.9m tonnes - 82% from Europe/Med Principal exports in cereals & cereal preparations (31%) Total Exports from the UK Exports to N Europe Exports to Mediterranean Exports to N America, S America, Africa and Australasia Other Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) Dairy Products & Eggs Fish & Fish Preparations Cereals & Cereal Preparations Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts Sugar & Sugar Preparations Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices Animal Feedingstuffs Beverages Grand Total

23. UK exports 2014, ‘000s tonnes main commodities ‘Other wheat’ and ‘Barley unmilled’ equal 19% all food exports from the UK Whisky, water and beer equate to 16% Top 20 SITC at 5-dgit levelTonnes Other wheat (including spelt) and meslin, unmilled1,134 Barley, unmilled1,124 Whiskies789 Milk and cream, of a fat content, by weight, exceeding 1% but not exceeding 6%607 Waters (including mineral waters and aerated waters) containing added sugar or other sweetening matter or flavoured, and other non- alcoholic beverages, n.e.s. 549 Beer made from malt (including ale, stout and porter)472 Preparations of a kind used for animal food, n.e.s.420 Potatoes, fresh or chilled (not including sweet potatoes)271 Flours, meals and pellets, of meat or meat offal, unfit for human consumption; greaves269 Flour of wheat or of meslin219 Dog or cat food, put up for retail sale213 Other bread, pastry, cakes, biscuits and other bakers' wares, whether or not containing cocoa in any proportion; communion wafers, empty cachets of a kind suitable for pharmaceutical use, sealing wafers, rice-paper and similar products. 212 Other beet or cane sugar and chemically pure sucrose, in solid form; other195 Malt, whether or not roasted (including malt flour)194 Poultry cuts and offal, frozen165 Gin and geneva155 Oil-cake and other solid residues (except dregs), whether or not ground or in the form of pellets, resulting from the extraction of fats or oils from oil-seeds, oleaginous fruits and germs of cereals;of rape or colza seeds 141 Sweet biscuits, waffles and wafers, gingerbread and the like141 Prepared foods obtained by the swelling or roasting of cereals or cereal products and from unroasted cereal flakes or from mixtures of unroasted and roasted cereal flakes or swelled cereals 137 Beet sugar, raw132 Others4,363 Grand Total11,900

24. UK Exports countries where exports (to) > 100,000 tonnes Origin Country Thousands Tonnes, 1996 Thousands Tonnes, % change CAGR Romania11,066305, %20% Ecuador12,124162, %16% Colombia23,093304, %15% Sweden19,861182,254818%13% Austria16,995143,166742%13% Switzerland12,851101,710691%12% Vietnam16,972113,690570%11% Poland141,481690,467388%9% Bulgaria36,188173,876380%9% Hungary27,279106,619291%8% Greatest absolute increases to Poland, Romania and Colombia

25. UK food imports & exports 2006 – 2014 m tonnes Stable: net imports approx. 20m tonnes p.a.

26. UK food imports & exports Values (US$, 2014 prices) Highly stable: net deficit approx. $30m

27. Leading gateways for NON UK EU food imports, Tonnes 2014 Top 10 ports Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) Dairy Products & Eggs Fish & Fish Preparations Cereals & Cereal Preparations Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts Sugar & Sugar Preparations Tea/Coffe e/Cocoa/ Spices Animal Feedingstuffs BeveragesGrand Total London116,8731,21812,080297,824831,480655,31075,600105,421303,2142,399,020 Felixstowe168,6648,025171,922375,838827,737114,232134,59925,082281,0592,107,158 Liverpool11, ,146500,516133,499200,933106,528927,88145,0121,967,035 Belfast4, ,0656,72061,6191,968789,5055,7661,247,547 Avonmouth0 98,12818,831142, , ,518 Southampton48,9813,45948,06329,859151,7486,35535,897253,332122,284699,978 Portsmouth , ,399 London Gateway42, ,1196,947295,25711,77314, ,607490,634 Immingham ,72437,1761,26127, ,3992,346298,195 Dover , ,668 All others5,4541,27083,549243,536301,210111,82651,947188,89353,2941,040,978 Grand Total399,69715,315489,0971,966,9203,359,7811,332,810421,2812,984,116929,11411,898,132

Top 10 ports Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) Dairy Products & Eggs Fish & Fish Preparations Cereals & Cereal Preparations Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts Sugar & Sugar Preparations Tea/Coffe e/Cocoa/ Spices Animal Feedingstuffs BeveragesGrand Total Felixstowe146,70214,53914,519108,41095,29360,85816,78491,75497,351646,210 Southampton41,37118,9599,559270,95227,8946,57611,41845,32490,006522,060 London4,9112,0531,160259,45562,3374,7387,48312,05442,640396,830 Grangemouth1,9962,22716,76226,58255, ,96880,664194,565 Liverpool2,9283, ,8214,2967,04711,9057,98353,162120,218 Avonmouth613271,421115, ,519 Ipswich0 44,95872, ,091 Immingham ,65357,57934,2014,6832,7765,5986,317115,211 Belfast18,50348,8371,1371, ,47534,276106,629 London Gateway12,7303, ,65519,7992,0034,63712,27816,37593,443 All others12,71714,687123,655139,67277,81832,19010,75353,626454,990920,107 Grand Total242,968109,617171,5271,075,475450,081118,21565,886241,086876,0253,350, Leading gateways for NON UK EU food exports, Tonnes 2014

29. Estimated deep-sea container flows into EU EU(28) deepsea imports in 2014 equated to 15.8m TEU: –food accounting for 14.0% inbound container market SITC at 2-digit levelTEU % of total deepsea imp % of total food Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals)89,8510.0%0% Dairy Products & Eggs11,1610.6%4% Fish & Fish Preparations366,1050.1%1% Cereals & Cereal Preparations123,8562.3%17% Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts592,0860.8%6% Sugar & Sugar Preparations56,7713.7%27% Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices482,7090.4%3% Animal Feedingstuffs398,0083.1%22% Beverages88,3352.5%18% Grand Total of food commodities482,7090.6%4% Total deepsea imports (all commodities)15,811, %100% Sugar, cereals, beverages and animal foodstuffs dominated

30. UK deep-sea imports: TEU and total tonnes Total UK Deepsea imports in 2014 of 2.6m TEU: –food accounting for 13.2% UK Deepsea imports in 2014 of 103.1m total tonnes: –food accounting for 9.0% SITC at 2-digit level TEUTonnes Volumes, TEU % of total deepsea imp % of total food Volumes, Tonnes % of total deepsea imp % of total food Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals)27,1171.0%7.8%399,8490.4%4.3% Dairy Products & Eggs2,3370.1%0.7%28,7160.0%0.3% Fish & Fish Preparations43,1411.6%12.4%335,9050.3%3.6% Cereals & Cereal Preparations33,2521.3%9.5%1,151,9951.1%12.5% Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts101,2913.8%29.0%2,900,1402.8%31.3% Sugar & Sugar Preparations8,8490.3%2.5%1,269,2181.2%13.7% Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices43,6991.7%12.5%396,5950.4%4.3% Animal Feedingstuffs54,7812.1%15.7%1,972,4061.9%21.3% Beverages34,5351.3%9.9%797,7920.8%8.6% Grand Total349, %100.0%9,252,6169.0%100.0% Total deepsea imports2,644, ,075,813

31. UK Shortsea imports: all unitised and total tonnes UK Shortsea imports in 2014 of 6.3m TEU (inc trucks): –food accounting for 34.0 % (versus 13% of deep-sea) UK Shortsea imports in 2014 of 187.1m total tonnes: –food accounting for 12.4 % (versus 9% of deep-sea) SITC at 2-digit level TEUTonnes Volumes, TEU % of total shortsea imp % of total food Volumes, Tonnes % of total shortsea imp % of total food Meat & Meat Preparations (incl. live animals) 240,3733.8%11.2%1,676,9070.9%7.2% Dairy Products & Eggs 173,3632.8%8.1%1,383,8600.7%6.0% Fish & Fish Preparations 63,3361.0%3.0%452,7030.2%2.0% Cereals & Cereal Preparations 361,6875.7%16.9%4,942,5912.6%21.3% Vegetables & Fruit, Nuts 573,9299.1%26.8%6,606,1823.5%28.5% Sugar & Sugar Preparations 86,5341.4%4.0%1,166,3900.6%5.0% Tea/Coffee/Cocoa/Spices 151,2232.4%7.1%544,2720.3%2.3% Animal Feedingstuffs 242,9823.9%11.3%2,931,1901.6%12.6% Beverages 249,0484.0%11.6%3,498,4071.9%15.1% Grand Total 2,142, %100.0%23,202, %100.0% Total deepsea imports 6,292, ,050,537

32. Food cargo trends – summarised Globally food trade growing marginally lower than total tonnages -but overall growth 3.4% p.a. over last 2 decades Growth uniform across most commodities reflecting rising incomes Asia the principal growth destination and the Americas the main growth origin Intra European and global growth rates similar However, for UK imports from Europe growing much faster than deep-sea Beverages, fruit, vegetables and cereal imports growing fastest to UK

New ships are being built with economy in mind: –much larger (now up to 20,000 TEU) sharing economies of bulk ships –built for fuel economy, typically sailing at 16 knots (with exceptions!) Forcing in turn consolidation into 4 Alliances 33.Deep-sea container developments

Agricultural bulk cargo distribution Europe & Med Latin America North America Far East Australasia & Oceania Sub Saharan Africa Grand Total Belfast1, ,132 Liverpool ,489 London ,477 Bristol Immingham Forth544 River Hull & Humber495 Clydeport Londonderry Ipswich Hull Manchester202 All others ,055 Grand Total5,8332,1321, , Cargo distribution at UK ports 50% through just 4 ports

Unit load distribution: food entry points simply reflects overall unit load port traffics Europe & Med Far EastGulf & ISC North America Latin America Sub Saharan Africa Australasia & Oceania Grand Total Felixstowe6,4107,6591, ,826 Dover16,123 London10, ,904 Immingham10, ,461 Liverpool6, ,495 Southampton1,0522, ,148 Belfast3,765 Hull2,879 Tees & Hartlepool2, ,577 Heysham2,385 Harwich2,353 Holyhead1,749 All others10, ,298 Grand Total77,47911,1422,5082,1571, , Cargo distribution at UK ports 58% through just 4 ports

36. Opportunities and issues: maritime sector Rapid increase in container vessels capacities and industry re- structuring leading to increase in container market shares -reefer and even bulk sectors Increasing concentration of imports on a handful of gateways Opportunities to process and distribute at these locations -Dover Straits/Thames/Humber etc. Port-centric locations offer also offer low-cost export locations given spare capacity available on out-bound legs Awareness of vulnerability because of that concentration

Thank you!