© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Thirteen Tobacco: The Smoking Challenge Tobacco: The Smoking Challenge

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Patterns of Smoking Use More than 22% of the adult population in the United States are smokers In Canada, rates of smoking are similar (20% aged 15 and older) The decline of smoking in the last 40 years is due largely to public health campaigns on the dangers of smoking Although smoking in the United States has declined, the rate of decline has been slow since 1990

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Smoking and Ethnicity Smoking is more prevalent among Caucasians (25%) than among African Americans (23%) The highest rates of smoking occur among Native Americans and Alaska natives (34%) The lowest smoking rates occur among Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders (17%) Women smoke less than men in all ethnic groups

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Types of Smokers A heavy smoker is a person who smokes more than 10 cigarettes a day A chipper is a person who smokes fewer than 10 cigarettes a day Social smoking is a practice of smoking regularly but not daily, primarily in social situations An estimated 30% of today’s smokers are social smokers

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Substances in Tobacco Tar is a thick, sticky residue that consists of hundreds of different chemical compounds and contains many of the carcinogenic substances found in tobacco smoke Carbon Monoxide is an odorless gas that interferes with the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen to vital body organs Nicotine is the primary addictive ingredient in tobacco and considered a powerful psychoactive stimulant

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Different Types of Tobacco Products Cigarettes Clove cigarettes Herbal cigarettes Bidis (unprocessed, sun-dried Indian tobacco) Cigars Pipes Smokeless Tobacco Snuff Chewing tobacco

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Short-Term Effects of Tobacco Use Nicotine effects can reach the brain within 7-10 seconds producing stimulation and sedation Quickly affects the heart rate, blood pressure, and body temperature Tar and toxins damage olfactory cells, taste buds, and cilia in the throat Carbon monoxide impairs oxygen delivery and can stay in the blood for 2-4 hours during waking hours and up to 8 hours during sleep

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Long-Term Effects of Tobacco Use Cardiovascular Disease Cancer Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease Emphysema Asthma Chronic Bronchitis Pre-mature skin wrinkling Increased surgical risk Infertility Sexual dysfunction Periodontal disease Ulcers Osteoporosis

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Special Health Risks for Women Lung Cancer Heart Disease Respiratory Disease Fertility Problems Menstrual disorders Early menopause Women who smoke during pregnancy are at increased risk for the following: Miscarriage Stillbirths Preterm delivery Low birth weight in infants Perinatal death High risk for SIDS

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Special Health Risks for Men Greater use of other forms of tobacco places men at higher risk for cancers of the mouth, throat, esophagus, and stomach Men who smoke also are risk for the following: Problems with sexual function (impotence) Fertility (motility and number of sperm)

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Benefits of Quitting Smokers greatly reduce their risk of many health problems when they quit Health benefits begin immediately and become more significant the longer the individual stays smoke free Within a year, the risk of heart attack and coronary artery disease is reduced in half Within 5 years, the risk approaches that of non- smokers Ex-smokers have a lower risk of cervical and bladder cancer compared to continuing smokers

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) Smoke from other people’s tobacco products is also known as second hand smoke or passive smoke Abundant evidence indicates that inhaling this form of smoke has serious health consequences Nearly 30% of the American population is exposed to this smoke on a regular basis Sidestream smoke is ETS coming from the burning tobacco product Mainstream smoke is ETS that has been inhaled and exhaled by the smoker

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Why Do People Smoke? Nicotine Addiction Behavioral Dependence Weight Control Tobacco Marketing and Advertising

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Quitting and Treatment Options Treatment Programs –20-40% of smokers who enter good treatment programs are able to quit for at least a year Medications –Nicotine replacement therapy (NRT) –Prescription drug (Zyban) Quitting on your own –Behavior Change Plan Record your smoking behavior patterns Analyze your smoking patterns Establish goals Prepare to quit Implement your plan Prevent relapse

© 2007 McGraw-Hill Higher Education. All rights reserved. Chapter Thirteen Tobacco: The Smoking Challenge Tobacco: The Smoking Challenge