Tuesday 1/19 Current Event due Thursday! Natural High Project due next week 1/27 Journal: In the debate between smoking and chewing tobacco, which is more dangerous? Which do you think is worse overall? What effects will they cause; will they be different? Which one is less attractive?

 Tobacco use remains the single largest preventable cause of death and disease in the United States  Cigarette smoking kills more than 480,000 Americans each year  More than 41,000 of these deaths are from exposure to second hand smoke

 In addition, smoking-related illness in the United States costs more than $300 billion a year  In 2014, an estimated 16.8% (40 million) U.S. adults were current cigarette smokers  76.8% (30.7 million) smoked every day  23.2% (9.3 million) smoked some days

 The 3 top leading causes of death in the U.S. are associated with tobacco 1. Heart Disease 611, Cancer 584, Chronic lower respiratory disease 149,205  1.34 million out of 2.56 million deaths> more than half of all deaths!

 Many smokers identify themselves as “social smokers”; smoking when you’re with people, rather than alone  51% of past-30-day smokers were identified as social smokers  Social smokers smoke less often, less intensely, and are less dependant on nicatine

 They don’t view themselves as being addicted to cigarettes and are less likely to quit the habit  Occasional smoking is not without risks  It can lead to a complete dependence on nicotine

 Nicotine- the primary stimulant chemical in tobacco products  When tobacco leaves are burned, nicotine is released and inhaled into the lungs  Sucking or chewing tobacco releases nicotine into the saliva and the nicotine is then absorbed through the mucus membranes in the mouth

 Smoking is the most common form of tobacco use  Delivers a strong dose of nicotine plus an additional 4,700 chemical substances to the user  Among these chemicals are various gases and vapors that are carried in particulate matter, which are 500,000 times more potent than the most air polluted cities in the world

 Tar- a thick, brownish substance condensed from the particulate matter in smoked tobacco  Tar contains various carcinogenic (cancer causing) agents  Nicotine impairs the cleansing function of cilia by paralyzing them for up to one hour following the smoking if a single cigarette

 Cilia are tiny, hair-like tissues that help sweep foreign matter back toward the throat, to be removed from the lungs by coughing  This allows build up of tar and other substances in the lungs  Tar accounts for only 8% of tobacco smoke  Remaining 92% consists of various gases; most dangerous being carbon monoxide

 Carbon monoxide binds at the oxygen receptor sites in the blood and causes oxygen deprivation in many body tissues  800 times higher than the level considered safe by the U.S. EPA (Environmental Protection Agency)  Heat from tobacco smoke can reach 1,616* F  Inhaling hot gases exposes sensitive mucous membranes to irritating chemicals that weaken the tissues and contribute to cancers of the mouth, larynx, and throat

 Cigarettes- contain over 4700 chemicals  Cigars- bigger than cigarettes. Contain as much nicotine as several cigarettes. Usually inhaled into the mouth and then released  Bidis- small hand-rolled flavored cigarettes. Much more toxic than cigarettes. Produce three times more carbon monoxide and nicotine and five times more tar than cigarettes

 Chewing tobacco- string type of tobacco that is placed in the mouth and then sucked or chewed  Dipping- placing a small amount of chewing tobacco between the lower lip and the front teeth for rapid nicotine absorption  Snuff- powdered form of tobacco that is sniffed and absorbed through the mucous membrane in the nose or placed inside of cheek and sucked

 Holding average size dip in mouth for 30 minutes has the nicotine equivalence to smoking 4 cigarettes  Two cans a week= 10 packs of cigarettes a week  10 times more of the amount of cancer producing agents than cigarettes

 Leukoplakia- leathery, white patches inside the mouth produced from tobacco juice  Can develop into oral cancer  Increase the risk of cancer of the larynx, esophagus, nasal cavity, pancreas, kidneys, and bladder

 Nicotine is a powerful Central Nervous System stimulant  In the cerebral cortex- produces an aroused, alert mental state  Stimulates the adrenal glands, increasing the production of adrenaline

 Physical effects of Nicotine:  Increased heart and respiratory rate  Constricted blood vessels  Increased blood pressure ▪ Heart has to work harder to pump blood through the narrowed vessels

 Decreases blood sugar levels and the stomach contractions that signal hunger  Decreases sensation in taste buds  All together reduce appetite> smokers are 7 pounds lighter than non-smokers on average

 Nicotine poisoning- symptoms often experienced by beginning smokers, including dizziness, diarrhea, lightheadedness, rapid and erratic pulse, clammy skin, nausea, and vomiting  In pairings, an environmental cue triggers a craving for nicotine  Ex. Drinking a cup of coffee, finishing a meal, sitting in a car, sipping a beer

 Tobacco smoking causes 85-90% of all cases of lung cancer  Pancreatic cancer rate is more than twice as high for smokers than non-smokers  Cancers of the lip, tongue, salivary glands, and esophagus are five times more likely to occur among smokers  Smokers are also more likely to develop kidney, bladder, and larynx cancers

 Smokers have a 70% higher death rate from heart disease; heavy smokers… 200%>moderate smokers  Smoking adds an equivalent of 10 years of aging to the arteries  Atherosclerosis- buildup of fatty deposits in the heart and major blood vessels  Reduces HDL’s “good” cholesterol, that help protect against heart attacks

 Platelet Adhesiveness- stickiness of red blood cells associated with blood clots  Oxygen deprivation- decreases oxygen supplied to the heart and can weaken tissues  Angina attacks- pain spasms in chest when heart muscle doesn’t get the blood it needs  Stroke- small blood vessel in the brain bursts or is blocked by a blood clot  Twice as likely to happen to smokers  Result in paralysis, loss of mental function, death

 Chronic Bronchitis- presence of productive cough that persists or reoccurs frequently  Emphysema- chronic lung disease in which the alveoli are destroyed, impairing the lungs ability to obtain oxygen and remove carbon dioxide (difficult to breathe)  Gum disease three times more common among smokers

 Mainstream smoke- smoke that is drawn through tobacco while inhaling  Secondhand smoke- tobacco smoke breathed by non-smokers  Secondhand smoke actually contains more carcinogenic substances than the smoke that a smoker inhales ▪ 2 times more tar and nicotine, 5 times more carbon monoxide, and 50 times more ammonia

 Nicotine addictions may be one of the toughest addictions to overcome  Many try several times before they successfully quit  Nicotine withdrawals- symptoms include: irritability, restlessness, nausea, headaches, and intense cravings for tobacco

 Nicotine replacement products  Zyban- a non-nicotine based anti-depressant that helps reduce urges to smoke and withdrawal sym.  Nicotine gum  Nicotine patch  Nicotine nasal spray  Nicotine inhaler

 Caffeine is a drug derived from the chemical family called xanthines  Xanthines are mild central nervous system stimulants that enhance mental alertness and reduce feeling of fatigue  Other stimulant effects include increased heart muscle contractions, oxygen consumption, metabolism, and urinary output  Effects occur min after caffeine consumption

 Side effects include:  Wakefulness  Insomnia  Irregular heartbeat  Dizziness  Nausea  Indigestion  Mild delirium (sometimes)

 As the effects of caffeine wear off, users may feel let down- mentally or physically depressed, exhausted and weak  To counter act- users have more caffeine  Caffeinism- caffeine intoxication from excessive use  Symptoms- chronic insomnia, irritability, anxiety, muscle twitches, and headaches  cups of coffee>produce fatal overdose