Click on a lesson name to select. Chapter 9 Cellular Reproduction Section 1: Cellular Growth Section 2: Mitosis and Cytokinesis Section 3: Cell Cycle Regulation

Regulation of cell size:  Diffusion of nutrients and waste over large distances is slow and inefficient. Cellular Reproduction  affects the ability of the cell to communicate instructions for cellular functions. Chapter Cellular Growth

The Cell Cycle (Cell Division)  Cell division prevents the cell from becoming too large.  It is necessary for growth (development) and repair Cellular Reproduction Chapter Cellular Growth

Prokaryotic Cell Division reproduce by binary fission. their chromosome replicates, then the two copies are pulled apart as the cell grows. Eventually the cell pinches in two to make two cells.

 Interphase -cell grows and DNA replicate.  Mitosis - cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. Cellular Reproduction Chapter Cellular Growth Eukaryotic Cell Cycle  Cytokinesis is the method by which a cell’s cytoplasm divides, creating a new cell.

Cellular Reproduction  The Stages of Mitosis:  Prophase  chromatin (DNA)tightens into chromosomes.  nuclear envelope breaks down  Spindle fibers attach to sister chromatids. Chapter Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Metaphase  Sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell Chapter Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Anaphase  The sister chromatids separate toward the poles of the cell. Chapter Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Telophase  The chromosomes begin to relax back into chromatin.  Two new nuclear membranes begin to form  The spindle disassembles. Chapter Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Cytokinesis  Division of cytoplasm In animal cells, microfilaments constrict, or pinch, the cytoplasm.  In plant cells, a new structure, called a cell plate, forms. Chapter Mitosis and Cytokinesis

Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9

Cellular Reproduction Quality Control Checkpoints  Cells monitor the cycle and can stop it if something goes wrong. Chapter Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction Abnormal Cell Cycle: Cancer  -uncontrolled growth and division of cells.  Cancer cells can kill, crowding out normal cells, resulting in the loss of tissue function. Chapter Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction Causes of Cancer  Mutations - changes that occur in the DNA during cell growth  Exposure to various environmental factors can affect the occurrence of cancer cells. Chapter Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction Apoptosis  Programmed cell death  Cells going through apoptosis actually shrink and shrivel in a controlled process. Chapter Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction Stem Cells  Unspecialized cells that can develop into specialized cells when under the right conditions Chapter Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction Embryonic Stem Cells  After fertilization, the resulting mass of cells divides repeatedly until there are about 100–150 cells. These cells have not become specialized. Chapter Cell Cycle Regulation

Cellular Reproduction Adult Stem Cells  Found in various tissues in the body and might be used to maintain and repair the same kind of tissue  Less controversial because the adult stem cells can be obtained with the consent of their donor Chapter Cell Cycle Regulation Cellular Reproduction

Additional notes onCellular division different cells do mitosis at different rates. Skin cells continuously divide. most nerve cells stop doing mitosis soon after birth Red blood cells do not have a nucleus and do not divide. They have a life span of ~ 3 months and are produces in bone marrow. White blood cells can divide

Cellular Reproduction Chapter Resource Menu Chapter Diagnostic Questions Formative Test Questions Chapter Assessment Questions Standardized Test Practice biologygmh.com Glencoe Biology Transparencies Image Bank Vocabulary Animation Click on a hyperlink to view the corresponding feature. Chapter 9

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 1 A. interphase B. prophase C. metaphase D. telophase Which is the first phase of mitosis? Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 9

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 2 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 9 A. interphase B. metaphase C. anaphase D. telophase During what phase do the sister chromatids line up in the middle of the cell?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CDQ 3 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Diagnostic Questions Chapter 9 A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. apoptosis D. mitosis Which is not a phase of the cell cycle?

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 1 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Which can more efficiently supply nutrients and expel waste products? A. larger cells B. smaller cells C. cells with lower surface area to volume ratio D. cells shaped like a cube 9.1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 2 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 At what stage does a cell spend most of its life? A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. synthesis 9.1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 3 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 What happens in the cell during cytokinesis? A. The cell grows and carries out normal functions. B. The cell copies its DNA and forms chromosomes. C. The cell’s nucleus and nuclear material divide. D. The cell’s cytoplasm divides. 9.1 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 4 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 In what stage of the cell cycle does the cell’s replicated genetic material separate? A. cytokinesis B. interphase C. mitosis D. prophase 9.2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 5 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Which diagram shows anaphase? A. B. C. D. 9.2 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B FQ 6 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 At the end of mitosis the nuclear material is divided and two new cells have formed. 9.2 Formative Questions A. true B. false

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 7 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 What are the “key and ignition” that start the various activities in the cell cycle? A. chromatin and chromosomes B. cyclin and CDKs C. microtubules and spindle fibers D. protein and ribosomes 9.3 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 8 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Which of these cancer-causing substances or agents is impossible to avoid completely? A. chemicals such as asbestos B. food and drinks that the FDA warns may contain carcinogens C. tobacco and second-hand smoke D. ultraviolet radiation from the Sun 9.3 Formative Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 9 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Formative Questions What is the term for the programmed death of cells that are damaged beyond repair or have harmful changes in their DNA? A. apoptosis B. carcinogens C. cytokinesis D. mitosis

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D FQ 10 Cellular Reproduction Chapter Formative Questions Which cells are not locked into becoming one particular kind of cell and are capable of developing into specialized tissues? A. apoptotic cells B. cancer cells C. prokaryotic cells D. stem cells

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 1 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 This cell has completed what stage of mitosis? A. anaphase B. interphase C. metaphase D. telophase Chapter Assessment Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 2 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 What term is used to describe programmed cell death? A. apoptosis B. anaphase C. necrosis D. cyclins Chapter Assessment Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D CAQ 3 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 What is the role of cyclins in a cell? A. to control the movement of microtubules B. to signal for the cell to divide C. to stimulate the breakdown of the nuclear membrane D. to cause the nucleolus to disappear Chapter Assessment Questions

1.A 2.B 3.C STP 1 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Which cell has the lowest ratio of surface area to volume? A B C Standardized Test Practice

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 2 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice At what stage of interphase does the cell take inventory and make sure it is ready for the division of its nucleus? A. G 1 B. S C. G 2 D. M

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 3 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice Which occurs in plant cells but not animal cells during the cell cycle? A. formation of a cell plate B. formation of microtubules C. formation of a cleavage furrow at the equator of the cell D. movement of chromosomes to the poles of the cell

1.A 2.B STP 4 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice Multiple changes in DNA are required to change an abnormal cell into a cancer cell. A. true B. false

1.A 2.B 3.C 4.D STP 5 Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Standardized Test Practice Which is not a condition that can result in cancer? A. a failure in the control mechanisms that regulate the cell cycle B. a failure in the repair systems that fix changes or damage to DNA C. a failure of the spindle fibers to move chromosomes during mitosis D. mutations or changes in segments of DNA that control protein production

Cellular Reproduction Glencoe Biology Transparencies Chapter 9

Cellular Reproduction Image Bank Chapter 9

cell cycle interphase mitosis cytokinesis chromosome chromatin Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Vocabulary Section 1

prophase sister chromatid centromere spindle apparatus metaphase anaphase telophase Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Vocabulary Section 2

cyclin cyclin-dependent kinase cancer carcinogen apoptosis stem cell Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9 Vocabulary Section 3

Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9  Visualizing the Cell Cycle Visualizing the Cell Cycle Animation

Cellular Reproduction Chapter 9