Chapter 9, Section 3 Conflict With Mexico Part 2: The Mexican-American War p The Texas War for Independence leads to conflict and war between the United States and Mexico.

Review: The War for Texas Independence Battle of San Jacinto is the culmination Six weeks after the Alamo, Texians & Sam Houston defeat Santa Anna & the Mexican Army – 18 minute battle - Santa Anna captured in Private’s uniform Treaty signed recognizing Texas’ independence Sam Houston elected 1 st President of the Republic of Texas Santa Anna surrenders to wounded Sam Houston at San Jacinto (April 21,1836)

The Independent Republic of Texas ( ) April 1836: Houston forces Santa Anna to recognize Texan independence Houston hopes U.S. will annex (add on) Texas Jackson & Van Buren refuse to support annexation Why? – Didn’t want to start a war – Controversy over slavery $ – Texas was in debt $ Finally annexed by “lame duck” Tyler in Feb – Becomes state Dec. 29, 1845 Republic of Texas flag

Annexing Oregon Main Idea: Americans elect a new President in 1844 who promises to expand the territory of the United States. Election of 1844 : James K. Polk promises to expand U.S. territory – Campaign Slogan: “54° 40´ or Fight!” Defeats Whig Candidate: – Henry Clay Polk threatens war with Britain over Oregon Territory – Signs treaty with Britain setting border with Canada at 49° N latitude. President #11 – James K Polk

Annexing Texas (Becomes 28 th state in 1845) Mexico hopes to reclaim Texas, doesn’t want to cede (give up) more land – Mexico claims Texas border is the Nueces River – Texas claims its border is the Rio Grande U.S. annexes Texas Mexico refuses Rio Grande border & U.S. claim to Texas Polk sends “Army of Observation” led by…

The Mexican-American War Main Idea: Expansionists favor war with Mexico, but some Americans disapprove. Polk provokes a Mexican attack by sending U.S. troops into disputed territory (1845) – Led by Zachary Taylor Mexican troops ambush U.S. patrol (in disputed territory) – 11 killed, 52 captured Polk gets Congress to declare war on Mexico “American blood has been shed on American soil!” - J. Polk 1846 Zachary Taylor “Old Rough & Ready”

Opposition to the War Not all Americans support “Mr. Polk’s War” A young Abraham Lincoln opposes it, calling it an “expansionist war” Support varies by region: North opposes the war – John Quincy Adams, “bigger pens to cram with slaves” South supports the war War is on – Who will lead Mexico?.... Abraham Lincoln in 1846

Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna Mexico turns to Santa Anna (again) – He has to sneak past American blockade Taylor invades from north (Texas) – Crosses Rio Grande Meets Santa Anna at the battle of Buena Vista – American “victory” due to Mexican civil war “He’s baaaaack” Santa Anna in 1847 Samuel Chamberlain’s painting

Rebellion in California John C. Fremont launches a revolt to free California from Mexican control – Bear Flag Rebellion Territory quickly gains independence (Jan. 1847) President Polk names Fremont military governor of CA – Fremont’s goal: obtain statehood as quickly as possible – Meanwhile…… John C. Fremont & the “Bear Flag Republic” Stephen Kearney

Invasion of Mexico General Winfield Scott (with Taylor’s troops) attacks the port city of Vera Cruz Beach town on the Gulf of Mexico – First amphibious landing in U.S. history – 20 day siege: March 1847 Marches toward Mexico City (just like Cortez) General Winfield Scott “Old Fuss & Feathers”

The March to Mexico City Robert E. Lee – Scott’s brilliant engineer Win battle of Cerro Gordo - Capture Santa Anna’s leg Defeat the “San Patricios” at Churubusco – Some are executed, some branded On to Mexico City – Final battle at the Castillo de Chapultepec Fighting St. Patrick’s Brigade at Churubusco Captain Robert E. Lee

Los Niños Héroes: The Child Heroes Battle of Chapultepec: 6 young Mexican cadets fight with Santa Anna against American Army -5 killed in action -Last cadet jumps from cliffs of Chapultepec Castle, wrapped in Mexican Flag – Prevent enemy from capturing the flag & making it a trophy of war Monument to “Los Niños Héroes”: Juan de la Barrera, Juan Escutia, Francisco Marquez, Agustin Melgar, Fernando Montes de Oca, & Vincente Suarez

Achieving Manifest Destiny Main Idea: Result of the Mexican-American War, the United States gains huge new territory. Over 525,000 square miles added to the U.S. – “From Sea to Shining Sea” – Manifest Destiny achieved Americans suffer 13,000 losses, most to disease (Only 1700 died in combat) Training ground for future generals of the American Civil War Expansion of territory reignites tensions between North & South over slavery

Characters of the Mexican-American War Zachary Taylor Winfield Scott George B. McClellan Robert E. LeeUlysses S. Grant John C. Fremont Antonio Lopez De Santa Anna

Santa Anna’s Leg Santa Anna wounded, leg amputated during “French Pastry War” Leg captured by Americans at the Battle of Cerro Gordo Leg is in a museum in Springfield, Illinois Mexico doesn’t want it back