Absent Wed. or Fri. last week? You do NOT have a zero for these assignments Optional: Can make up Wed. after school: Taste Lab Smell Lab

This Week Sheep Eye Dissection - Wednesday General & Special Senses Test - Thursday

The General & Special Senses Chapter 8

Cow eyeball dissection dio/cow_eye/video_big_all.htmlhttp:// dio/cow_eye/video_big_all.html

New notes Endocrine System Unit after Spring Break: Reproductive System 5

6 The Endocrine System

7 The body’s slow chemical communication system; a set of glands that secrete hormones into the blood stream. –Nervous system = fast, transient –Endocrine system = slow, sustained Secrete directly into blood capillaries –Exocrine glands secrete into ducts (tubes)

8 The Endocrine System A Brief List of 5 Glands 1. Thyroid gland- affects metabolism 2. Pancreas – regulates the level of sugar in the blood 3. Parathyroids – help regulate the level of calcium in the blood 4. Ovary – secretes female sex hormones 5. Testes – secrete male sex hormones

9 The Endocrine System A Set of Glands The Pituitary Gland A sort of “master gland” It is cherry-sized endocrine gland The hormones it secretes affect growth and the secretion of other endocrine glands The real boss is the hypothalamus Feedback System brain pituitary other glands hormones brain

10 The Endocrine System A Set of Glands The Adrenal Gland A pair of endocrine glands just above the kidney They secrete epinephrine and norepinephrine which help to arouse the body in times of stress.

11 Lateralization of the brain is under hormonal control Left Hemisphere Verbal competence Speaking, reading, thinking & reasoning Processes info in sequence One piece of data at a time logical Right Hemisphere Nonverbal areas Comprehension, spatial relationships, drawing, music, emotion Processes info. As a whole intuitive

12 Emotion and Lateralization Left Hemisphere Important for the expression of positive emotion Damage to the L.H. leads to loss of the capacity for joy. Activation in the L.H. leads to tendencies to approach other people. Right Hemisphere Important for the expression of negative emotion Damage to the R.H. may make people euphoric. Activation in the R.H. leads to tendencies to withdraw from people.

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16 Believed true until 1865

17 Survey of 5000 entering college freshmen in Texas, New York and Canada, females asked about typical male brain 2500 males asked about typical female brain No other instructions Average of all responses

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19 It’s a joke, get over it! Those were the results!

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21 It’s a joke, get over it! Those were the results!

22 Important Hormones Insulin Produced by the pancreas Regulates the body’s use of glucose & affects appetite Melatonin Secreted by the pineal gland Helps to regulate daily biological rhythms and promotes sleep.

23 Hormones Adrenal Hormones Produced by the adrenal glands are involved in emotion and stress. They rise in response to nonemotional conditions, such as cold, heat, pain injury, and physical exercise, and in response to some drugs such as caffeine and nicotine. The Outer Part (Cortex) Cortisol The Inner Part (Medulla) Epinephrine & Norepinephrine

24 Hormones Sex Hormones Are secreted by the gonads and by the adrenal glands Androgens Masculinizing Hormones Estrogens Feminizing Hormones

25 Neurotransmitters & Hormones Acetylcholine Shortage in acetylcholine may be associated with Alzheimer’s disease Dopamine The degeneration of brain cells that produce and use another neurotransmitter, dopamine, appears to cause symptoms of Parkinson’s disease. Low levels of dopamine may cause ADHD

26 Neurotransmitters & Hormones Serotonin Decrease in norepinephrine and serotonin is associated with depression. Elevated levels along with other biochemical and brain abnormalities have been implicated in childhood autism. Norepinephrine Norepinephrine, epinephrine, and adrenaline are associated with excitement and stress.

27 Neurotransmitters & Hormones Cortisol Cortisol is associated with stress. Increase in cortisol damages the brain and may be associated with posttraumatic stress. GABA Abnormal GABA levels have between implicated in sleep and eating disorders and in compulsive disorders. Glutamate Glutamate, serotonin, and high levels of dopamine have been associated with schizophrenia