Concepts of Oceanography Chapter 1 Oceans Exploration © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Concepts for Oceanography Chapter 1 Part B Discuss the early explorations of the oceans Describe the events in oceanography during the Age of Discovery in Europe. © 20## Pearson Education, Inc.

Concepts for Oceanography Chapter 1 Part B List some of the major achievements of James Cook Explain the role of Charles Darwin in Oceanography. Describe the Challenger expedition and the major contributions it made to marine science. © 20## Pearson Education, Inc.

Early Exploration of the Oceans Early “explorers” used boats to seek new fishing grounds for food. The ocean facilitated trade and interaction between cultures. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pacific Navigators The peopling of the Pacific Islands required extensive travel in open boats and exceptional navigation skills. It was difficult because islands are widely scattered. Three major island groups: Micronesia, Melanesia, Polynesia © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pacific People No written records exist of Pacific human history before the 16th century. Archeological evidence suggests island occupation by people from New Guinea as early as 4000–5000 B.C. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Pacific People Thor Heyerdahl sailed on a balsa raft – the Kon Tiki – to demonstrate migration of South Americans to Pacific Ocean islands. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

European Navigators Phoenecians – first from Western Hemisphere to develop navigation arts Navigated circa 2000 B.C. Explored Mediterranean Sea, Red Sea, and Indian Ocean Navigational stick charts where used by early Polynesian navigators First circumnavigation of Africa Reached the British Isles © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

European Navigators Greek Pytheas Sailed northward using a simple method to determine latitude in 325 B.C. Navigated using the North Star Eratosthenes determined Earth’s circumference fairly accurately. Sextant used by early navigators to determine latitude. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Europeans Herodotus produced inaccurate world map around 450 B.C. Claudius Ptolemy produced fairly accurate world map around 150 A.D. Erroneously updated Eratosthenes’ original circumference estimation, later causing Christopher Columbus to believe he had reached Asia © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Middle Ages Arabs dominant navigators in the Mediterranean Sea Traded extensively with East Africa, India, and Southeast Asia Learned to use Indian Ocean monsoon winds for travel © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Middle Ages Vikings explored North Atlantic Ocean Settled Iceland and Greenland in 9th and 10th centuries A.D. Leif Eriksson designated part of eastern Canada Vinland (now Newfoundland) in 995 A.D. Greenland, Vinland settlements abandoned by 1450 A.D. due to climatic cooling © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Viking Routes and Colonies © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Age of Discovery in Europe 1492–1522 Search for new Eastern trade routes by sea Prince Henry the Navigator of Portugal sought trade routes around Africa. Europeans explore North and South America. Christopher Columbus was financed by the Spanish to find new trade routes to Asia. Englishman John Cabot arrived in northeast North America in 1497. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

The Age of Discovery in Europe 1492–1522 Spaniard Ferdinand Magellan circumnavigated the globe. Was killed on a Pacific Island in 1521 Juan Sebastian del Caño completed the circumnavigation in 1522. Voyages paved the way for the Spanish to take gold from the Incas and Mayas. Spain’s maritime dominance ended when England defeated the Spanish Armada in 1588. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Voyages of Columbus and Magellan © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Voyaging for Science The English wanted to retain maritime superiority. Captain James Cook (1728–1779) undertook three scientific voyages. Ships HMS Endeavour, Resolution, Adventure Mapped many islands in Pacific Systematically measured ocean characteristics Marine chronograph (longitude) © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Cook’s Voyages © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Voyaging for Science Captain James Cook Discovered diet to prevent scurvy Used John Harrison’s Marine chronometer (longitude) First accurate maps of Earth’s surface. Killed in Hawaii during third voyage .John Harrison and chronometer used to determine longitude. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Considered father of physical oceanography Matthew Maury Considered father of physical oceanography Charted ocean winds and currents His system for oceanographic data recording was adopted and used around the world in developing charts and trade routes Photo from Wikipedia © 20## Pearson Education, Inc.

Charles Darwin Gathered natural history and oceanographic samples and data while traveling on a four and one half year voyage on the HMS Beagle. Photo from Wikipedia Photo from Wikipedia © 20## Pearson Education, Inc.

Charles Darwin His Theory of Evolution by natural selection was based on observations made while on the HMS Beagle. © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc. For more information on Darwin http://www.biography.com/people/charles-darwin-9266433#awesm=~oEej5MVJJR1gzA

Challenger Expedition Challenger expedition was the first expedition designed to study marine science. Voyage lasted four years and resulted in 50 volumes of text called the The Challenger. © 20## Pearson Education, Inc.

Challenger Expedition Studies included soundings, temperature recordings, and dredging. A total of 360 soundings were made during the 68,900 mile voyage. 4,717 new species were discovered. http://aquarium.ucsd.edu/Education/Learning_Resources/Challenger/tripmap.htm For more information the Challenger Expedition http://aquarium.ucsd.edu/Education/Learning_Resources/Challenger/introduction.php © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.

Oceanography Continues More high-technology tools available today Sonar Robotics Deep Submersibles Computers Satellites Deepest area of the ocean has only been visited twice by humans. 1960 in Trieste (top picture) and 2012 in Deepsea Challenger (bottom picture). © 2014 Pearson Education, Inc.