The European Conquest of the Americas

Exploration What possible rewards might come from exploring the seas for new lands? What are the risks involved in embarking on a voyage into the unknown?

Feel the need to explore? Why did Europeans Feel the need to explore?

Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts What ONE WORD describes this picture? What does the cartoon say about the motives of exploration? What type of interactions do you see? What do you think the artist thinks about exploration? What view(s) of Columbus does it offer?

Visual Analysis: de Bry woodcuts How does the de Bry piece reflect the motives of European exploration? What type of interactions do you see? What do you think the artist thinks about exploration? What is the evidence of his opinion? What view(s) of Columbus does it offer? Honors

Motives for European Exploration Crusades  by-pass intermediaries to get to Asia. Renaissance  curiosity about other lands and peoples. Reformation  refugees & missionaries. Monarchs seeking new sources of revenue. Technological advances. Fame and fortune.

Major Exploration Motives Economic Motives: Hopes of expanding trade Example: Spices which were needed for preserving and flavoring good Hopes of find precious metals Religious Motives: Natives must be introduced to Christianity. Social Motives: Renaissance: encouraged a new spirit of curiosity and adventure and fostered advances in sailing technology Glory: quite simply, to make a name for yourself

New Maritime Technologies Better Maps [Portulan] Hartman Astrolabe (1532) Mariner’s Compass Sextant

New Weapons Technology

Earlier Explorations Islam & the Spice Trade  Malacca A New Player  Europe Nicolo, Maffeo, & Marco Polo, 1271 Expansion becomes a state enterprise  monarchs had the authority & the resources. Better seaworthy ships. Chinese Admiral Zheng He & the Ming “Treasure Fleet”

A Map of the Known World, pre- 1492

A Ship’s Rations What would it be like to live on a Carvel for 6 months?

Major Explorers Explore the Explorer! Research your assigned explorer with your group. Display your information on the poster provided.

Impact of European Expansion What trends do you notice as you see the explorer information charted and compared? Countries? Discoveries? Impact?

Portuguese 1st to develop/use the caravel and magnetic compass 1419 – Prince Henry the Navigator opened a school for navigation 1420 – explored west African coast “Gold Coast” 1488 – Bartolomeu Dias reached southern tip of Africa 1498 – Vasco da Gama sailed to India and back Generated wealth from the Spice Trade

Spanish

Christofo Colon [1451-1506]

Columbus’ Four Voyages

Ferdinand Magellan & the First Circumnavigation of the World: Early 16c

European Explorations Looking for “El Dorado”

The First Spanish Conquests: The Aztecs (1519) vs. Hernando Cortes Montezuma II

The Death of Montezuma II

Mexico Surrenders to Cortes

The First Spanish Conquests: The Incas (1532) vs. Francisco Pizarro Atahualpa

Dutch Exploration 1600s – Dutch East India Company establishes power in the East Indies Controlled Asian trade, operated as governments Power to make money Sign treaties Raise their own armies Dominated Indonesia and southern Africa by 1700

European Empires in the Americas

Effects of Exploration

Impact of European Expansion Native populations ravaged by disease. Influx of gold, and especially silver, into Europe created an inflationary economic climate. [“Price Revolution”] New products introduced across the continents [“Columbian Exchange”]. Deepened colonial rivalries.

5. New Patterns of World Trade

Conflict between Explorers The Spanish and Portuguese were afraid that they might claim/conquer the same land so they signed the Treaty of Tordesillas.

The Treaty of Tordesillas, 1494 & The Pope’s Line of Demarcation This would give Spain control over the Americas!!

Cycle of Conquest & Colonization Official European Colony! Explorers Conquistadores Official European Colony! Missionaries Permanent Settlers

Administration of the Spanish Empire in the New World Encomienda or forced labor. Council of the Indies. Viceroy. New Spain and Peru. Papal agreement.

Slaves Working in a Brazilian Sugar Mill

Father Bartolomé de Las Casas New Laws --> 1542

New Colonial Rivals

New Colonial Rivals Portugal lacked the numbers and wealth to dominate trade in the Indian Ocean. Spain in Asia  consolidated its holdings in the Philippines. First English expedition to the Indies in 1591. Surat in NW India in 1608. Dutch arrive in India in 1595.

Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Middle Passage

The Slave Trade Existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. Portuguese replaced European slaves with Africans. Sugar cane & sugar plantations. First boatload of African slaves brought by the Spanish in 1518. 275,000 enslaved Africans exported to other countries. Asiento- slave-trading monopoly granted by the Spanish Crown. Between 16c & 19c, about 10 million Africans shipped to the Americas.

Slave Ship

“Coffin” Position Below Deck

African Captives Thrown Overboard

The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Creoles Mestizos Mulattos Native Indians Black Slaves

The Influence of the Colonial Catholic Church Guadalajara Cathedral Our Lady of Guadalupe Guadalajara Cathedral Spanish Mission

Why would the 'Columbian Exchange' be considered the tsunami of unintentional "bio-terrorism"??

The “Columbian Exchange” Squash Avocado Peppers Sweet Potatoes Turkey Pumpkin Tobacco Quinine Cocoa Pineapple Cassava POTATO Peanut TOMATO Vanilla MAIZE Syphilis Triangular Trade Trinkets Liquor GUNS Olive COFFEE BEAN Banana Rice Onion Turnip Honeybee Barley Grape Peach SUGAR CANE Oats Citrus Fruits Pear Wheat HORSE Cattle Sheep Pigs Smallpox Flu Typhus Measles Malaria Diptheria Whooping Cough

Mercantilism The economy and trade are essential to the health and safety of the nation. Get as much gold and silver as you can. Establish a favorable balance of trade: difference between imports and exports. Get colonies.

Treasures from the Americas!