Warm UP 1. What basic things do all humans have in common? -list all the answers you can think of 2. What do humans need to create a society?

The Beginnings of Civilization Chapter 1 Notes The Beginnings of Civilization

Chapter 1 Notes Early humans spread from Africa to other parts of the world and established the first civilizations As humans spread to other parts of the world they developed different methods to adapt to their new environments

Chapter 1 Notes Anthropologists and Archaeologists investigate clues to understand human prehistory Where did the human race come from, or how did we get our start are questions often asked by most people

Chapter 1 Notes Human Origins Key discoveries made by Mary and Louis Leakey and Donald Johanson Hominids Australopithecine 4-5 million years Homo Habilis 2.4 million years Homo Erectus 2-1.5 million years Homo Sapiens 200,000 years

Chapter 1 Notes Spreading Around the World As hominids adapted better to their environment they began migrating out of Africa Ice Ages caused shifts in climate that allowed hominids to migrate to different areas across land bridges Examine Migration Map pg. 9 of text

Chapter 1 Notes Life in the Stone Age The first humans lived during the prehistoric period called the Stone Age Tools primarily made of stone First part of the stone age is called the Paleolithic Era 2.5 million years – 10,000 years (Old Stone Age) During stone age people lived as nomads that followed migrating animals They were hunter-gatherers for food – men hunt, women collect plants and care for children

Chapter 1 Notes Stone Age Technology Stone Age Art Application of new knowledge Tools Materials to make life easier Examples: crude chipped stones, adding handles to tools, stone arrows, spears, string, bow and arrow, bone hooks, canoes, clothing, shelters Stone Age Art Humans formed societies by banding together and sharing a common culture Culture included: Language –symbols art – paintings, ornaments spiritual beliefs - animism

Chapter 1 Notes The Beginning of Agriculture The New Stone Age – Neolithic Era 8,000-3,000 BCE Advances in tool-making define the era Specialized tools – drills, chisels, saws Most significant advance is deals with food Development of farming radically changes how people live Shift to farming is called the Neolithic Revolution

Chapter 1 Notes Plants Animals Grains like wheat and barley appeared after the end of the last Ice Age Domestication of plants and animals – selective growing/breeding from the best plants and animals Animals Domestication of animals allowed people to raise livestock for food and materials – meat, milk, skins, wool Large animals could be used for manual labor – cows, oxen, horses The development of agriculture occurred at different times, in different regions, independently

Chapter 1 Notes Agriculture Changes Society Population increased as a result of more and stable food supplies People gave up the nomadic lifestyle and being settling Settlements allowed people to pool their labor and resources Early Farming Societies Shift from hunter-gathering to farming Increases in populations created towns and cities Increased food supplies led to occupation specialization and trade Social classes appear Religion becomes formalized – religious structures, deity worship Warfare increased Increased disease

Chapter 1 Notes New Technologies People develop new tools to make life easier Plows, hoes, pottery, yarn, cloth Civilizations started to use metal – leads to the Bronze Age 3,000 BCE Catal Huyuk – Neolithic settlement in modern day Turkey Largest Neolithic site found – 30 acres 5-6,000 population Evidence of varied crop production, animal domestication, trade, domestic lives, art, religious structures Better understanding of Neolithic worldview from Otzi the Iceman – Frozen male preserved in ice – clothing type, foods eaten

Chapter 1 Notes Foundations of Civilization From Villages to Cities as a result of agriculture New technologies to farming increased production – irrigation Allowed fewer people to farm more land in drier conditions leading to surpluses Changing Economies Better farming techniques lead to decrease in farmers needed Previous farmers could do other jobs leads to a division of labor (skilled and unskilled) Farming villages had traditional economies, but new advances in technology allow cities to diversify their economies

Chapter 1 Notes Characteristics of cities Larger population, more dense – Uruk – 40-50,000 pop. Populations were diverse More formal organization – city centers, palace, temples, markets, city walls Centers of trade – place to exchange goods bettering economies

Chapter 1 Notes The First Civilizations Civilization – complex and organized society First civilization are in the fertile river valley’s – Nile, Tigris-Euphrates, Indus, Huang Flooding river valleys provided rich soil Characteristics of early civilizations Developed cities – political, economic, cultural centers Organized government – laws, system of justice, taxes, defense Formalized religion – rituals, ceremonies, religious leaders Specialization of labor – specialized jobs Social classes – social order based on job, wealth, influence Record keeping and writing – records of economic activity, calendars Art and architecture – paintings, sculpture, architecture

Chapter 1 Notes Change in Civilizations Civilizations changed over time due to: Environmental factors Conflict Shifts in population – leads to shift of ideas

Assignment Create Your Own Civilization Project   Part 1: Create a title sheet with your name (first and last), period, and the name of your civilization (this should be stapled to the top of your paragraphs) (2 points) Part 2: Write a paper that describes your civilization. (48 points total) 1st paragraph: Introduce your civilization. Give them a name. Tell me about their natural boundaries/geography. Your paragraph should answer these questions: 1. What is the name of your civilization? 2. If you were to describe your civilization to the world, what would you say? 3. Which features of the land make your culture easy to attack? 4. What defenses does the land provide naturally? 2nd paragraph: Describe the organized government of your civilization. Your paragraph should answer these questions: 1. What form of government does your culture have? 2. How are the leaders selected? 3. What are the titles of those in power? (Ex. President, king, ruler, all mighty one) 4. What are the responsibilities of those in power? 5. What major laws have been made and why? (at least two) 6. What punishments exist for law breakers? 3rd paragraph: Describe the religion of your civilization. Your paragraph should answer these questions: 1. What god(s) is/are worshipped by the people in this civilization? 2. Is your civilization polytheistic or monotheistic? 3. How do the people show respect for their god(s)? 4. Who are the “holy people” of your civilization? 5. What are the most important teachings, rules, or ideas that your civilization’s religion teaches? 6. Describe the most important religious holiday in your culture. Tell what it is and how people in your civilization celebrate it. 4th paragraph: Describe the contributions of your civilization (things your civilization created for the world). For example: The Chinese created paper that we still use today. Your paragraph should answer these questions: 1. What is the name of the language your civilization speaks? 2. What are the major inventions your civilization created? (You need at least four inventions) 3. What was one major discovery made by your civilization?

Assignment/Homework Complete vocab list for chapter 1 Answer Comprehension and Critical Thinking Questions (11 a-c 12 a-c 13 a-c) pg. 29