III.Volcanoes affect Earth’s land, air, and water A.Volcanic Eruptions affect the land 1.Volcanoes build and destroy 2.Immediate effects a.Lava flows- slow enough for people to get out of the way, but not anything else b.Volcanic ash 1)Can cause roofs to collapse because it is made of tiny pieces of rock 2)Slippery when wet 3)Clog machines and suffocate organisms Volcanoes effects

c.Mudflows- melted glacier/snow or water mixed with rock, soil, and/or ash flows downhill for several km d.Pyroclastic flows- flow of super heated gas and rock that burns through an area leaving thick layers of rock e.Landslides 1)Rapid downhill movement of rock and soil 2)Could be caused by underground movement of magma, an earthquake, an eruption, or rainfall 3)If close to an ocean could cause a tsunami f.Steam explosions- Magma entering water Volcanoes effects

3.Long-term Effects a.Negative effects 1)Large ash deposits can turn into mudflows in heavy rain 2)If the crater fills with water and then the wall collapses b.Positive effects 1)Lava, rock, and ash break down into rich soil 2)Builds beautiful landscapes visited by tourists Volcanoes effects

B.Volcanic gases and ash affect the air 1.Unpleasant odors from gasses released into the air a.Hydrogen Sulfide- rotten egg smell b.Sulfur Dioxide- lit match smell c.Carbon dioxide- no color or odor d.Can suffocate organisms if too much released at once 2.Sulfur Dioxide forms and acid when mixed with water in clouds dropping acid rain to the ground 3.Can block sunlight from entering the atmosphere causing a drop in temperature 4.Ash can reflect sunlight causing lower temperatures Volcanoes effects

C.Volcanic activity affects water 1.Hot springs, Geysers, and Fumaroles a.Underground water is heated and flows into a hot spring b.Geyser is a type of hot spring that blows hot water into the air through a small channel to the surface c.Reykjavik, Iceland uses hot underground water as an energy source to heat the city d.Fumaroles release steam and other gases instead of liquid water Volcanoes effects

2.Deep sea vents a.Hot springs at spreading centers b.Cold dense water sinks into deep cracks gets heated by hot rock and magma, gets less dense and rises c.Water temp often rises above the normal boiling point because of dissolved minerals d.Chimneys form where, as the water cools, the minerals recrystallize around the point where the water is coming out of the crust Volcanoes effects