UNIT

THE COLD WAR FOREIGN- DIRECT/INDIRECT MILITARY INTERVENTION, VARIOUS PRESIDENTIAL FOREIGN POLICIES TO CONTAIN/DETER COMMUNIST INFLUENCE FOREIGN- DIRECT/INDIRECT MILITARY INTERVENTION, VARIOUS PRESIDENTIAL FOREIGN POLICIES TO CONTAIN/DETER COMMUNIST INFLUENCE DOMESTIC- ADVOCATION AND EXPANSION OF CIVIL RIGHTS, COMMUNISM PARANORIA, EXPANSION OF LIBERAL IDEAS AS REACTIONS TO WWII AND POSTWAR AMERICAN SOCIETY DOMESTIC- ADVOCATION AND EXPANSION OF CIVIL RIGHTS, COMMUNISM PARANORIA, EXPANSION OF LIBERAL IDEAS AS REACTIONS TO WWII AND POSTWAR AMERICAN SOCIETY

PRESIDENTIAL FOREIGN POLICIES HARRY TRUMAN (D)45-53 HARRY TRUMAN (D)45-53 DWIGHT “IKE” EISENHOWER (R) DWIGHT “IKE” EISENHOWER (R) JOHN F. KENNEDY (D) JOHN F. KENNEDY (D) LYNDON JOHNSON (D) LYNDON JOHNSON (D) RICHARD NIXON (R) RICHARD NIXON (R) GERALD FORD (R) GERALD FORD (R) JIMMY CARTER (D) JIMMY CARTER (D) 77-81

GEORGE KENNAN’S “LONG TELEGRAM” “USSR still lives in antagonistic "capitalist encirclement" with which in the long run there can be no permanent peaceful coexistence.” "In course of further development of international revolution there will emerge two centers of world significance: a socialist center, drawing to itself the countries which tend toward socialism, and a capitalist center, drawing to itself the countries that incline toward capitalism. Battle between these two centers for command of world economy will decide fate of capitalism and of communism in entire world."

HARRY TRUMAN (D)45-53 Truman Doctrine “Containment”- George Kennan’s warnings of communism & USSR Truman Doctrine “Containment”- George Kennan’s warnings of communism & USSR provided military & $$ to Greece & Turkey provided military & $$ to Greece & Turkey Marshall Plan- $$ aid to Western Europe Marshall Plan- $$ aid to Western Europe Berlin Airlift- $$ Aid to Western Berliners being blockaded by USSR Berlin Airlift- $$ Aid to Western Berliners being blockaded by USSR NATO vs. Warsaw Pact NATO vs. Warsaw Pact National Security Act- dedicated to national defense, military efficiency, CIA est. National Security Act- dedicated to national defense, military efficiency, CIA est.Setbacks Korean conflict (discussed in conflicts) Korean conflict (discussed in conflicts) USSR detonate atomic bomb USSR detonate atomic bomb China  communist 1949 China  communist 1949

CRASH COURSE: COLD WAR CRASH COURSE: COLD WAR

DWIGHT “IKE” EISENHOWER (R) Massive Retaliation Policy- Nuclear weapons focused, rejected “containment” (end/remove communism) Massive Retaliation Policy- Nuclear weapons focused, rejected “containment” (end/remove communism) “Brinkmanship”/Mutually Assured Destruction(MAD) “Brinkmanship”/Mutually Assured Destruction(MAD) “Domino Theory” - South East Asia Treaty Organization- belief in communist countries influencing neighboring countries into communism “Domino Theory” - South East Asia Treaty Organization- belief in communist countries influencing neighboring countries into communism Eisenhower Doctrine  US$$ to Middle East Eisenhower Doctrine  US$$ to Middle East Setbacks Setbacks Hungarian uprising for democracy- stopped by USSR/not supported by US Hungarian uprising for democracy- stopped by USSR/not supported by US U2 incident/Sputnik U2 incident/Sputnik Middle East (Iran/Suez Canal crisis), Asia(Vietnam heats up), Latin America(Cuba) Middle East (Iran/Suez Canal crisis), Asia(Vietnam heats up), Latin America(Cuba) Communism expanded into new regions around the world during the 50’s Communism expanded into new regions around the world during the 50’s Ike’s warning of the growing “Military Industrial Complex” Ike’s warning of the growing “Military Industrial Complex”

JOHN F. KENNEDY (D) “Flexible Response”- return to conventional military strategies (replaced Ikes massive retaliation stance) “Flexible Response”- return to conventional military strategies (replaced Ikes massive retaliation stance) increased $$ aid to 3 rd world countries (Peace Corps), Special Forces (Green Berets) increased $$ aid to 3 rd world countries (Peace Corps), Special Forces (Green Berets) Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- no atmospheric nuclear tests Nuclear Test Ban Treaty- no atmospheric nuclear tests Setbacks Setbacks Cuba- Bay of Pigs failed invasion /Cuban Missile Crisis Cuba- Bay of Pigs failed invasion /Cuban Missile CrisisBay of Pigs failed invasion Bay of Pigs failed invasion Berlin Wall built by USSR following B.O.P. Berlin Wall built by USSR following B.O.P.

LYNDON JOHNSON (D) Foreign Policy consumed by Vietnam War Foreign Policy consumed by Vietnam War Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- allowed LBJ to widen war efforts Gulf of Tonkin Resolution- allowed LBJ to widen war efforts Escalation- Increased US troops from ‘65-’68 Escalation- Increased US troops from ‘65-’68 Operation Rolling Thunder- nonstop 3 year bombing of North Vietnam targets Operation Rolling Thunder- nonstop 3 year bombing of North Vietnam targets Due to perceived Vietnam failure, LBJ decides to not seek reelection Due to perceived Vietnam failure, LBJ decides to not seek reelectionnot seek reelectionnot seek reelection

RICHARD NIXON (R) “Détente”- Relax in tensions between US and Communist USSR & China “Détente”- Relax in tensions between US and Communist USSR & China Increase in trade around the world and decreased focus on nuclear war- was good for everyone Increase in trade around the world and decreased focus on nuclear war- was good for everyone Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty(SALT I)- reduce ICBMs, grain deal for USSR Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty(SALT I)- reduce ICBMs, grain deal for USSR Overall success in easing tensions with USSR, helped to end Vietnam War Overall success in easing tensions with USSR, helped to end Vietnam War Setbacks Setbacks “Vietnamization”- gradual removal of US troops, Vietnam falls to Communism “Vietnamization”- gradual removal of US troops, Vietnam falls to Communism Oil Crisis- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)- organizations increased oil prices in US and inflation shot up Oil Crisis- Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries(OPEC)- organizations increased oil prices in US and inflation shot up

GERALD FORD (R) JIMMY CARTER (D) Ford: Communist controlled Cambodia seized US merchant ship (Mayaquez) Ship and crew released but Marines were killed Ship and crew released but Marines were killed Carter: Humanitarian Diplomacy- support for human rights abroad Camp David Accords: Carter led peace conference between Egypt and Israel that helped to put them on a path to peace Camp David Accords: Carter led peace conference between Egypt and Israel that helped to put them on a path to peace Recognition of China Recognition of China Setbacks Setbacks SALT II- Not ratified by Senate when USSR invaded Afghanistan SALT II- Not ratified by Senate when USSR invaded Afghanistan Iran Hostage Crisis- Iranian revolution and capturing CIA operatives, after 444 days all hostages were released but it cost Carter reelection Iran Hostage Crisis- Iranian revolution and capturing CIA operatives, after 444 days all hostages were released but it cost Carter reelection