공지사항 1  마지막 퀴즈  다음 주 화요일 (6/9) 수업 때  16 장 1-2 절 (pp ) + 17 장 1-3 절 (pp )  Issue 보고서  6 월 11 일 목요일 특강  강주연 외교부 유엔과장

Issue 보고서 (5%) 2  자기 조 이슈 혹은 다른 어떤 이슈도 선택 가능  개별 보고서 제출  A4 용지 2 장 분량 ( 이름을 반드시 명기할 것 )  내용 = 이슈에 대한 설명 + 해결책 + 전략 등  반드시 정치학 원론에서 배운 내용을 응용하여 작성할 것  Due 기말고사 시간 (6 월 16 일 11 시 45 분 )  late paper  이유를 불문하고 1% 가 최고점

정당의 세 가지 차원  Three dimensions of political parties Party-in-government, an alliance of current officeholders cooperating to shape public policy. (PIG) Party-in-the-electorate, composed of those voters who identify with the party and regularly vote for its nominees. (PIE) Party-as-organization, dedicated to electing the party’s candidate. (PO) 3

Electoral System and Party System  How a nation gets its party system is complex; rooted in its historical development and when and how the franchise expanded  Single-member districts in U.S. and Britain tend to produce two-party or two-plus party systems; encourage coalescing of parties because, if too many candidates, your party may never win  Proportional representation encourages parties to split; more likely that your party will win at least a few seats and can use them to form coalitions 4

Basic Features of the Party System  Two-party System  Single winner is chosen by plurality vote.  Major parties help maintain the system.  Proportional Representation (PR) System  Decentralized, fragmented party coalitions.  Which system do you prefer and why? 5

Party Systems  Dominant one-party systems  India (the Congress Party), Japan (the Liberal Democratic Party), South Africa (the African National Congress, ANC) and Sweden (The Social Democratic Workers’ Party)  Two-party systems  Canada, New Zealand (until constitutional reform in 1966), the UK (Labor and Conservatives) and the US (Democrats and Republicans)  Multi-party systems  the norm and found in most parts of the democratic world 6

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정당은 쇠퇴하는가 ?  Parties and party systems are rooted in their countries’ history, society, and institutions.  Yet, parties are not what they used to be; in most democracies, party membership is down and voters are less loyal.  What about in Korea? Are parties fading?  한국의 정당정치에 관한 올바른 질문 (right question) 은 무엇일까 ? 8

정당 쇠퇴 주장에 대한 반론  Today, candidates are the focus of campaigns.  Parties are there to “serve” the candidates, not “control” them.  Yet, parties still “useful,” as basic pattern of party competitions continue.  Still important cues for voters and still important mechanisms for political entrepreneurs ( 정치신인 ). 9

11 장 선거와 투표행태  The minimum voting age in the great majority of countries is eighteen.  What about Korea?  National Election Commission in Korea   Voter registration varies from 42 percent in Switzerland, 58 percent in India and 66 percent in the USA, to 91 percent in Belgium, 92 percent in Iceland and 96 percent in Australia.  It averages 75 percent in established democracies. 10

Theories of Voting ( 투표 이론 ) “ 사람들은 어떤 기준을 가지고 투표할까 ?” 11 I. Sociological Approaches (the Columbia School)  Paul Lazarsfeld ( ), a sociologist at Columbia University  People vote according to their membership of social groups  class, religion, race, language, urban/rural, gender, generation, occupation

Theories of Voting ( 투표 이론 ) 12 II. Psychological Approaches (the Michigan School)  Angus Campbell ( ) at the University of Michigan  Psychological orientations and individual characteristics of voters (esp. the role of party identification) “Joe is a liberal, because his mom is a liberal.”  Yet, the strength of party ID is fading in many western countries

Theories of Voting ( 투표 이론 ) 13 III. Rational Choice Approaches  Anthony Downs (1957): An Economic Theory of Democracy  Citizens are rational and they vote on the basis of a calculation of which party is most likely to satisfy their own self-interested preferences  Parties are like business competing for customers in the market place. They try to locate themselves and their policies close to the median voter.  Median voter is in the middle of the distribution with equal numbers of voters to the left and right and is therefore a typical, middle-of-the voter.