Good Morning! INT1004 Introduction to Computers for Business Ulrich Werner, Adj. Prof. (IIS-RU)

Chapter 5 Digital Safety and Security Discovering Computers Technology in a World of Computers, Mobile Devices, and the Internet

Digital Security Risks A digital security risk is any event or action that could cause a loss of or damage to a computer or mobile device hardware, software, data, information, or processing capability Any illegal act involving the use of a computer or related devices generally is referred to as a computer crime A cybercrime is an online or Internet-based illegal act

Digital Security Risks

HackerCracker Script kiddie Corporate spies Unethical employees Cyber- extortionist Cyber- terrorist

Internet and Network Attacks Information transmitted over networks has a higher degree of security risk than information kept on an organization’s premises Malware, short for malicious software, consists of programs that act without a user’s knowledge and deliberately alter the operations of computers and mobile devices

Internet and Network Attacks

A botnet is a group of compromised computers or mobile devices connected to a network – A compromised computer or device is known as a zombie A denial of service attack (DoS attack) disrupts computer access to Internet services – Distributed DoS (DDoS) A back door is a program or set of instructions in a program that allow users to bypass security controls Spoofing is a technique intruders use to make their network or Internet transmission appear legitimate

Internet and Network Attacks A firewall is hardware and/or software that protects a network’s resources from intrusion

Unauthorized ACCESS and USE Unauthorized access is the use of a computer or network without permission Unauthorized use is the use of a computer or its data for unapproved or possibly illegal activities

Unauthorized Access and Use Access controls define who can access a computer, device, or network; when they can access it; and what actions they can take while accessing it The computer, device, or network should maintain an audit trail that records in a file both successful and unsuccessful access attempts – User name – Password – Passphrase – CAPTCHA

Unauthorized Access and Use A possessed object is any item that you must carry to gain access to a computer or computer facility – Often are used in combination with a PIN (personal identification number) A biometric device authenticates a person’s identity by translating a personal characteristic into a digital code that is compared with a digital code in a computer

Unauthorized Access and Use Fingerprint reader Face recognition system Hand geometry system Voice verification system Signature verification system Iris recognition system

Unauthorized Access and Use Digital forensics is the discovery, collection, and analysis of evidence found on computers and networks Many areas use digital forensics Law enforcement Criminal prosecutors Military intelligence Insurance agencies Information security departments

Software Theft Software theft occurs when someone: Steals software media Intentionally erases programs Illegally registers and/or activates a program Illegally copies a program

Software Theft Many manufacturers incorporate an activation process into their programs to ensure the software is not installed on more computers than legally licensed During the product activation, which is conducted either online or by phone, users provide the software product’s identification number to associate the software with the computer or mobile device on which the software is installed

Software Theft A single-user license agreement typically contains the following conditions:

Information Theft Information theft occurs when someone steals personal or confidential information Encryption is a process of converting data that is readable by humans into encoded characters to prevent unauthorized access

Information Theft

A digital signature is an encrypted code that a person, website, or organization attaches to an electronic message to verify the identity of the sender – Often used to ensure that no fraudster is participating in an Internet transaction A digital certificate is a notice that guarantees a user or a website is legitimate A website that uses encryption techniques to secure its data is known as a secure site

Information Theft

Hardware Theft, Vandalism, and Failure Hardware theft is the act of stealing digital equipment Hardware vandalism is the act of defacing or destroying digital equipment

Hardware Theft, Vandalism, and Failure To help reduce the of chances of theft, companies and schools use a variety of security measures

Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard A backup is a duplicate of a file, program, or media that can be used if the original is lost, damaged, or destroyed – To back up a file means to make a copy of it Off-site backups are stored in a location separate from the computer or mobile device site Cloud Storage

Cloud Computing Home and business users choose cloud computing for a variety of reasons AccessibilityCost savings Space savings Scalability

Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard Categories of backups: – Full – Differential – Incremental – Selective – Continuous data protection Three-generation backup policy GrandparentParentChild

Backing Up – The Ultimate Safeguard

Wireless Security Wireless access poses additional security risks Some intruders intercept and monitor communications as they transmit through the air Others connect to a network through an unsecured wireless access point (WAP) or combination router/WAP

Ethics and Society Computer ethics are the moral guidelines that govern the use of computers, mobile devices, and information systems Information accuracy is a concern – Not all information on the web is correct

Ethics and Society Intellectual property refers to unique and original works such as ideas, inventions, art, writings, processes, company and product names, and logos Intellectual property rights are the rights to which creators are entitled to their work A copyright protects any tangible form of expression Digital rights management (DRM) is a strategy designed to prevent illegal distribution of movies, music, and other digital content

Ethics and Society A code of conduct is a written guideline that helps determine whether a specification is ethical/unethical or allowed/not allowed

Ethics and Society Green computing involves reducing the electricity and environmental waste while using computers, mobile devices, and related technologies

Information Privacy Information privacy refers to the right of individuals and companies to deny or restrict the collection and use of information about them Huge databases store data online It is important to safeguard your information

Information Privacy Information about you can be stored in a database when you: – Fill out a printed or online form – Create a social networking profile – Register a product warranty

Information Privacy A cookie is a small text file that a web server stores on your computer Websites use cookies for a variety of reasons: Allow for personalization Store user names and/or passwords Assist with online shopping Track how often users visit a site Target advertisements

Information Privacy

Phishing is a scam in which a perpetrator sends an official looking message that attempts to obtain your personal and/or financial information With clickjacking, an object that can be clicked on a website contains a malicious program

Information Privacy Social engineering is defined as gaining unauthorized access to or obtaining confidential information by taking advantage of the trusting human nature of some victims and the naivety of others

Information Privacy Employee monitoring involves the use of computers, mobile devices, or cameras to observe, record, and review an employee’s use of a technology, including communications such as messages, keyboard activity (used to measure productivity), and websites visited Many programs exist that easily allow employers to monitor employees. In most countries it is legal for employers to use these programs.

Ethics and Society Content filtering is the process of restricting access to certain material on the Web – Many businesses use content filtering Web filtering software restricts access to specified websites

Time for a break, isn’t it?

Chapter 6 Inside Computers and Mobile Devices Discovering Computers Technology in a World of Computers, Mobile Devices, and the Internet

Inside the Case The case contains and protects the electronics of the computer or mobile device from damage

Inside the Case

The motherboard is the main circuit board of the computer – A computer chip contains integrated circuits

Processors The processor, also called the central processing unit (CPU), interprets and carries out the basic instructions that operate a computer – Contain a control unit and an arithmetic logic unit (ALU) A multi-core processor is a single chip with two or more separate processor cores

Processors

The control unit is the component of the processor that directs and coordinates most of the operations in the computer The arithmetic logic unit (ALU) performs arithmetic, comparison, and other operations The 3Cs a computer can do for you: Copy, compare, and calculate. That’s all.

Processors For every instruction, a processor repeats a set of four basic operations, which comprise a machine cycle

Processors The processor contains registers, that temporarily hold data and instructions The system clock controls the timing of all computer operations The pace of the system clock is called the clock speed, and is measured in gigahertz (GHz)

Processors A processor chip generates heat that could cause the chip to malfunction or fail Require additional cooling – Heat sinks – Liquid cooling technology – Cooling pads

Data Representation Analog signals are continuous and vary in strength and quality Digital signals are in one of two states: on or off Most computers are digital The binary system uses two unique digits (0 and 1) Bits and bytes

Data Representation The circuitry in a computer or mobile device represents the on or the off states electronically by the presence or absence of an electronic charge Eight bits grouped together as a unit are called a byte. A byte represents a single character in the computer or mobile device

0 NUL 1 SOH 2 STX 3 ETX 4 EOT 5 ENQ 6 ACK 8 BS 9 HT 10 NL 11 VT 12 NP 13 CR 14 SO 16 DLE 17 DC1 18 DC2 19 DC3 20 DC4 21 NAK 22 SYN 24 CAN 25 EM 26 SUB 27 ESC 28 FS 29 GS 30 RS 32 SP 33 ! 34 " 35 # 36 $ 37 % 38 & 40 ( 41 ) 42 * , : 59 ; A 66 B 67 C 68 D 69 E 70 F 72 H 73 I 74 J 75 K 76 L 77 M 78 N 80 P 81 Q 82 R 83 S 84 T 85 U 86 V 88 X 89 Y 90 Z 91 [ 92 \ 93 ] 94 ^ 96 ` 97 a 98 b 99 c 100 d 101 e 102 f 104 h 105 i 106 j 107 k 108 l 109 m 110 n 112 p 113 q 114 r 115 s 116 t 117 u 118 v 120 x 121 y 122 z 123 { } 126 ~ 127 DEL ASCII code, lower half

How to get decimal values? Place 2 x Value

How to get decimal values? Place 2 x Value

How to get decimal values? Place 2 x Value Test byte: 65 = A

It all depends upon the code table used

It all depends upon the code table ASCII – one byte per symbol UNICODE – two bytes per symbol (UTF 8 = Thai) GIF – 256 different colors JPG – with compression True colour – 3 byte per colour = 256x256x256

Data Representation

Memory Memory consists of electronic components that store instructions waiting to be executed by the processor, data needed by those instructions, and the results of processing the data Stores three basic categories of items: The operating system and other programs Applications Data being processed and the resulting information

Memory Each location in memory has an address Memory size commonly is measured in gigabytes (GB) or terabytes (TB)

Memory The system unit contains two types of memory: Volatile memory Loses its contents when power is turned off Example includes RAM Nonvolatile memory Does not lose contents when power is removed Examples include ROM and flash memory

Memory RAM chips usually reside on a memory module and are inserted into memory slots

Memory Memory cache speeds the processes of the computer because it stores frequently used instructions and data

Memory Read-only memory (ROM) refers to memory chips storing permanent data and instructions Firmware

Memory Flash memory can be erased electronically and rewritten – technology provides high speeds and consumes little power

Adapters An adapter card enhances functions of a component of a desktop or server system unit and/or provides connections to peripherals – Sound card and graphics card An expansion slot is a socket on a desktop or server motherboard that can hold an adapter card

Adapters With Plug and Play, the computer automatically can recognize peripheral devices as you install them

Adapters Adapters for mobile computers are in the form of a removable flash memory device – USB adapter – ExpressCard module

Buses A bus allows the various devices both inside and attached to the system unit to communicate with each other – Data bus – Address bus Word size is the number of bits the processor can interpret and execute at a given time

Buses A computer might have these three types of buses: System bus Backside bus Expansion bus Connects major components of the computer system Connects the CPU to L2 cache Input/output pathway from the CPU to peripheral devices, usually over slots on the motherboard

Power Supply and Battery The power supply or laptop AC adapter converts the wall outlet AC power into DC power DC = direct current, unidirectional power AC = alternating current, periodic alternations of the direction of current flow

Power Supply and Battery Mobile computers and devices can run using either a power supply or batteries Batteries typically are rechargeable lithium-ion batteries

That’s it for today. Thank you for your attention and have a nice weekend!