In this lecture, we will learn about: Translation.

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Presentation transcript:

In this lecture, we will learn about: Translation

What is the role of linguistics in translation?>> ماهو دور اللغويات في الترجمة ؟ There is no doubt that translation is one of the fields that made the best use of applied linguistics as translators resort to linguistic models and notions that help them come up with appropriate translation governed by the rules of language.>> علم اللغويات مهم جدا في مجال الترجمة لانه يساعد المترجمين على ان يخرجو بترجمة صحيحة وفقا لقواعد اللغة.

For example a sentence-semantics plays a key role in the translation process. It focuses on the sense relations that a word has with other words within the same context. The sense relations are divided into the paradigmatic relationships of synonymy (e.g. large and big) and antonymy (e.g. true and false) and the syntagmatic relationship of collocation (e.g. strike and not make collocate with balance). Such cohesive (grammatical) devices should not only be regarded as formal patterns on the grammatical level, but they emphasize the fact that the meaning of the context should be seen as a semantic whole.>> على سبيل المثال معاني الجمل تلعب دور اساسي في عملية الترجمة. لانو العلاقات المنطقية بين الكلمات بتعطينا المعنى الصحيح للنص. ولكن لو ترجمنا الكلمات ترجمة حرفية بدون الاخذ بالاعتبار المعنى الاجمالي للجملة وترتيبها المنطقي مع سياق لكلام يبقى راح نخرج بترجمة غير صحيحة.ولازم نعرف انو العلاقات بين الكلمات بتحكمها علاقات متل المرادفات والاضداد وعلاقة السينتقماتيك الي هي عبارة عن الكلمة وايش المناسب معها. يبقى لازم نعرف انو الترجمة لازم تهتم بالمعنى بشكل متكامل للجملة وليس المعنى الفردي للكلمات

There is close relationship between the translator’s comprehension of sentence-semantics and the production of an appropriate translation; appropriateness refers to the suitability of lexis (words) to the nature of the context of the situation and the relationship between addresser and addressee. To put it more simply, the translator’s awareness of the semantic relations between the word in question and the other words in the same context helps to produce an accurate or at least an appropriate translation. Thus, having a semantic map of the lexical items of the context is of great help to the translator. > من الامور المهمة في الترجمة انو هناك علاقة مباشرة بين فهمك للمعنى والترجمة الي راح تنتجها. وعشان نطلع بترجمة صحيح للنص لازم نكون فاهمين المعنى وناقلينه في اللغة التانية بنفس المعنى. وعشان يكون عندنا هذا الشي لازم نعرف شغلة اسمها الملائمة وهي ببساطة:“ ملائمة الكلمات للمعنى الموجود في سياق النص الاصلي ويحمل نفس المعنى والعلاقة بين المعطي والمتلقي. يعني بكلمات ثانية عشان المترجم يطلع بمعنى صحيح ومطابق للنص الاصلي لازم يعرف العلاقة بين كل كلمة والاخرى في النص الاصلي عشان يجيب معنى مرادف لها ومطابق لها في اللغة الثانية

Syntagmatic and paradigmatic relationships are important in understanding the context. This highlights the fact that a word derives its meaning from the entire system of relations controlling the context. That is to say it is not semantically sufficient to examine and analyze each word separately apart from the general framework. This means that vocabulary can be regarded as a network of meaning-relations.>>.زي ماقلنا من قبل انو علاقات السينتقماتيك والبارديغماتيك مهمة جدا في فهم وتفسير معنى النص. لانو الكلمة مابتاخذ معناها من نفسها ولكن بتاخذ معناها من النص ككل. عشان كذا لازم لما نترجم مانترجم كل كلمة على حدة ولكن نفهم المعنى تبع النص بشكل متكامل ونترجم معنى النص وليس كل كلمة لوحدها لانو راح يطلع المعنى غير مفهوم >> زي لما تحطو جملة في غوغل ويترجمها يطلع معنى غير مفهوم لانو يترجم معنى كل كلمة بدون فهم المعنى

What is the role of applied linguistics in translation?>ماهو جور الابلايد في الترجمة Scholars of applied linguistics suggested componential analysis as a linguistic tool or theory that can be applied to describe and analyze the semantic structure of words into their atomic components. Componential analysis has been applied in some cross-cultural linguistic studies to shed light on the differences in kinship terminology, colours and pronoun system. In other words, componential analysis as a semantic tool developed from the methods of analysis adopted by American anthropologists in 1950’s to study kinship terminology.> كثير من الدارسين يقترحو ان الابلايد مهم في الترجمة لانو ممكن يساعدنا على تقسيم المعنى في الجمل وتحليلها للوصول لترحمة صحيحة. ويستخدمو شغلة اسمها التحليل الجزئي والي بتدرس الصلة بين معاني المفردات

What is componential analysis? An alternative term for componential analysis is lexical decomposition. The second term emphasizes that the aim of componential analysis is to decompose the meaning of the word into its sense-components. These components simply act as distinctive features of the word. The objectivity and importance of componential analysis stem from the fact that it goes far beyond the cultural and linguistic differences between languages and focuses on the components of the word that can be called universal.>> التحليل الجزئي او تفكيك الكلمات. مفيد جدا في الترجمة لانو يحاول يفكك معنى كل كلمة ويوصل للمعنى الصحيح. فمثلا لو لقيت كلمة زي ”لارج“ في نص هنا كلمة لارج الها كذا معنى ممكن تيجي بمعنى ضخم او كبير طيب ايش الكلمة الي اختارها؟ هنا يجي دور التحليل الجزئي ونشوف كل المعاني الي قدامنا ونختار الادق منها الي يطابق معنى النص. والحلو في طريقة التحليل الجزئي انو بهذي الطريق نقدر نتجاوز كل الاختلافات الثقافية واللغوية بين اللغات. فمثلا فيه كلمات في اللغة الانجلش في ثقافتهم عادي بس لما تترجميها في لغتنا صعب ننقلها بنفس المعنى. مثال عليها the “f” word هذي الكلمة صعب نترجمها بمعناها الاصلي لانو ثقافتنا مابتسمح لهذا نجيب معنى اقل وطاة ونقول معناها سحقا او تبا. وهكذا بالنسبة للباقي

Since we are talking about componential analysis and analysing the words into its components, we have to know that if two words share common meanings, we call these common meanings markers. Also, if the meaning of a word is distinguished from another word by one aspect, we call that aspect a distinguisher.

For example, both “forgive” and “pardon” share common components including absence of punishment, the authority of the sender over the receiver, display of mercy, forgiveness, kindness and prevention of pain. The distinguisher that makes “pardon” different is the absence of blame i.e. “forgive” includes blame as one of its components. This is why “pardon” is translated in Arabic as "يصفح" because according to Arabic dictionaries"يصفح" means to forgive someone without blaming him, whereas “forgive” is translated in Arabic as "يعفو" because according to Arabic dictionaries"يعفو" means to forgive someone with the possibility of blaming him.

As far as translation is concerned, if the translator adopts componential analysis as a semantic method to judge the accuracy and suitability of a TL (target language) equivalent, s/he has to be aware of the components of the word. This simply means that some components of the item are expected to be irrelevant to the given context. Componential analysis, therefore, helps the translator to make his/her choice during the translation process especially those related to the selection of equivalents. > عند القيام بالترجمة لو حبينا نستخدم طريقة التحليل الجزئي لازم نعرف انو كل كلمة الها اكثر من معنى وفي بعض الحالات هذا المعنى مايكون اله علاقة بسياق النص. مثلا لو اخذنا كلمة زي saw > وهذي الكلمة الها معنين الي هما فعل بمعنى رأى. وكمان معناها منشار. يبقى لو جا في نص النص فاعل قبل هذي الكلمة يبقى اكيد راح اترجمها على اساس انها راى وليس منشار. وهذا الاختيار للمعنى لازم يكون بشطارة المترجم لانو لازم يفهم النص كله ويختار المعنى وفقا له