8 TH GRADE MRS. BERRY ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

OBJECTIVES DEFINE THE ELEMENTS OF THE HUMAN BODY UNDERSTAND DIRECTIONAL TERMS AND LABEL THE BODY PLANES AND CAVITIES Identify ORGANS OF THE BODY and their functions. COMPARE DISEASES AND DISORDER OF THE BODY

INTRODUCTION OUR BODIES ARE AMAZINGLY COMPLEX ALL SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER THE SMALLEST ELEMENT IS THE CELL AND IT EXTENDS TO A COLLECTION OF SYSTEMS

CELLS ARE MADE UP OF CHEMICALS THAT COMBINE TO FORM TISSUE TISSUE CONSISTS OF SPECIALIZED CELLS THAT FUNCTION TOGETHER TO FORM ORGANS ORGANS WORK COOPERATIVELY TO FORM SYSTEMS SYSTEMS WORK TOGETHER TO CREATE THE HUMAN BODY

CELLS THE ENTIRE BODY IS MADE UP OF CELLS THAT VARY IN SIZE, SHAPE, AND FUCTION ALL CELLS NEED FOOD, WATER, AND OXYGEN TO LIVE AND FUNCTION THE BASIC STRUCTURE OF THE CELL ARE THE CELL MEMBRANE, NUCLEUS, AND CYTOPLASM

CELL MEMBRANE THE OUTER COVERING OF THE CELL HOLDS THE SUBSTANCES INSIDE THE CELL AND HELPS THE CELL MAINTAIN ITS SHAPE

NUCLEUS CENTRAL PORTION OF THE CELL DIRECTS THE CELL’S ACTIVITIES AND CONTAINS THE CHROMOSOMES CHROMOSOMES ARE THE BEARERS OF THE GENES GENES CARRY INHERITED TRAITS SUCH AS EYE COLOR, HEIGHT, DISEASES, AND GENDER CHROMOSOMES ARE MADE OF DNA WHICH CONTAINS ALL THE GENETIC INFORMATION FOR THE CELL

NUCLEUS CONTINUED ALL CELLS HAVE A NUCLEUS EXCEPT ONE ◦ THE RED BLOOD CELL ◦ IT IS CALLED ENUCLEATED WHICH MEANS WITHOUT A NUCLEUS

CYTOPLASM SURROUNDS THE NUCLEUS IS THE SUBSTANCE THAT PERFORMS THE WORK OF THE CELL SUCH AS THE REPRODUCTION AND MOVEMENT

CELL TYPES ALL CELLS HAVE SPECIAL FUNCTIONS WHICH ARE INFLUENCED BY THEIR SHAPE ALL CELL TYPES ARE DIFFERENT THEIR SHAPE AND FUCTION CHANGE TO FIT A SPECIFIC NEED:

◦ NERVE CELLS  LONG, THIN EXTENSIONS THAT CAN TRANSMIT NERVE IMPULSES OVER A DISTANCE ◦ EPITHELIAL  THIN FLAT AND TIGHTLY PACKED SO THAT THEY FORM A PROTECTIVE LAYER OVER UNDERLYING CELLS ◦ MUSCLES  SLENDER RODS THAT ATTACH AT THE ENDS OF THE STRUCTURES THEY MOVE

ANATOMY OF A CELL

CELLS ARE DIFFERENT FOR EVERY ORGAN

RED BLOOD CELLS= ENUCLEATED

NERVE CELL OF BRAIN

NERVE CELLS IN BRAIN

YOUR SKIN UNDER MICROPSCOPE

Skin Cancer

HEART MUSCLE CELLS

SKELETAL MUSCLE

BONE

TISSUES GROUP OF CELLS THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM THE SAME TASK

CONNECTIVE TISSUE AND EPITHELIAL TISSUE HOLDS THE BODY PARTS TOGETHER AND CONNECTS THEM ◦ EX; BONES, LIGAMENTS, AND TENDONS EPITHELIAL TISSUE ◦ COVERS THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL BODY SURFACES ◦ SKIN AND LININGS OF INTERNAL ORGANS, SUCH AS THE INTESTINES, ARE EPITHELIAL TISSUE

MUSCLES AND NERVE MUSCLES ◦ EXPANDS AND CONTRACT, ALLOWING THE BODY TO MOVE NERVOUS TISSUE ◦ CARRIES MESSAGES FROM ALL PARTS OF THE BODY AND FROM THE BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

ORGANS GROUPS OF TISSUE THAT WORK TOGETHER TO PERFORM A SPECIFIC FUNCTION ARE CALLED ORGANS EXAMPLES ◦ KIDNEY: MAINTAIN WATER AND SALT BALANCE ◦ STOMACH: BREAKS DOWN FOOD FOR NOURISHMENT ◦ HEART: PUMPS BLOOD ◦ LARGE INTESTINE: PART OF DIGESTION ◦ LUNGS: ORGAN FOR BREATHING

SYSTEMS GROUPS OF ORGANS WORKING TOGETHER TO PERFORM ONE OF THE BODY’S MAJOR FUNCIONS ARE CALLED A SYSTEM THEY HAVE SEPARATE AND DISTINCT FUNCTIONS THEY RELY ON ONE ANOTHER TO PERFORM THEIR TASKS

SYSTEMS EXAMPLES RESPIRATORY ◦ CONSISTS OF THE LUNGS AND THE AIRWAYS ◦ IT PERFORMS RESPIRATION WITH IS THE PROCESS THAT SUPPLIES THE BODY WITH A CONSTANT SUPPLY OF OXYGEN, VITAL FOR LIFE

CARDIOLVASCULAR ◦ THE HEART AND BLOOD VESSELS ◦ PUMPS AND TRANSPORTS BLOOD THROUGHOUT THE BODY ◦ BLOOD CARRIES OXYGEN AND NUTRIENTS TO THE TISSUES AND REMOVES WASTE FROM THE TISSUES THROUGH THE CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM

SKELETAL SYSTEM ◦ SUPPORTS AND PROTECTS THE BODY AND IS THE BODY’S FRAMWORK ◦ CONSISTS OF BONES ◦ WITHOUT THE SKELETAL SYSTEM, OUR BODIES WOULD BE JUST A MASS WITHOUT SHAPE

MUSCULAR SYSTEM ◦ PROVIDES BODY MOVEMENT ◦ CONSISTS OF MUSCLES AND CARTILAGE ◦ WITHOUT MUSCLES, WE WOULD NOT BE ABLE TO MOVE

NERVOUS SYSTEM ◦ CONSISTS OF BRAIN, SPINAL CORD, AND PERIPHERAL NERVES ◦ REGULATES MOST BODY ACTIVITIES AND SENDS AND RECEIVES MESSAGES FROM THE SENSORY ORGANS

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM ◦ CONSISTS OF THE GLANDS THAT SECRETE HORMONES FOR THE REGULATION OF MANY OF THE BODY’S ACTIVITIES

SENSORY SYSTEM INCLUDES THE EYES, EARS AND TASTE ALSO INCLUDES TOUCH AND SMELL

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM ◦ CONSISTS OF ALL ORGANS OF DIGESTION, ABSORPTION, AND ELIMINATION OF WASTE ◦ NECESSARY FOR THE NORMAL INTAKE OF FOOD AND WATER INTO THE BODY

URINARY SYSTEM ◦ THE KIDNEYS, URETERS, BLADDER, AND URETHRA ◦ LIMINATED METABOLIC WASTE ◦ HELPS TO MAINTAIN ACID-BASE AND WATER-SALT BALANCE ◦ HELPS REGULATE BLOOD PRESSURE

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM ◦ SKIN AND ACCESSORY STRUCTURES LIKE HAIR, NAILS, SWEAT GLANDS, AND OIL GLANDS ◦ THE SKIN IS THE LARGEST ORGAN AND SERVES TO COVER AND PROTECT OUR BODY

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM ◦ ALSO INCLUDES THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ◦ GLANDS OF THE LUMPHATIC SYSTEM, LYMPHATIC VESSELS, AND THE NONSPECIFIC AND SPECIFIC DEFENSES OF THE IMMUNE SYSTEM ◦ THEY HELP PROTECT THE BODY FROM INFECTION AND DISEASE

REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM ◦ CONTROLS REPORDUCTION AND HEREDITY FEMALE ◦ OVARIES ◦ VAGINA ◦ FALLOPIAN TUBES ◦ UTERUS ◦ MAMMARY GLANDS MALE ◦ TESTES ◦ PENIS ◦ PROSTATE GLAND ◦ VAS DEFERENS ◦ SEMINAL VESICLES

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM

REPIRATORY SYSTEM

CARDIOVASCULAR

HEART IN CHEST

HEART

SKELETAL SYSTEM

MUSCULARSKELTAL SYSTEM

NERVOUS SYSTEM AND ITS PARTS

HUMAN BRAIN AND SPINAL CORD

SYMPATHETIC AND PARASYMAPTHETIC SYSTEM

ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

HIGHLIGHTED ORGANS ARE THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM

STARE AT THE BLACK DOT, WHAT DO YOU SEE

EYES= SENSORY SYSTEM

EARS= SENSORY SYSTEM

TASTE

SMELL OR

WATCH HOW YOUR SENSORY SYSTEM WORKS….. WHAT DO YOU FEEL WHEN YOUR VISION TELLS YOUR BRAIN WHAT YOU WOULD EXPECT TO FEEL, SMELL, OR TASTE

HOW DO YOU FEEL?

WHAT DOES THE BREATH SMELL LIKE?

ANYONE WANT TO BE A PODIATRIST?

DOES THIS SMELL BETTER?

OR THIS? WHAT FEELING DOES IT GIVE YOU?

DIGESTIVE SYSTEM

URINARY SYSTEM

INTEGUMENTARY SYSTEM

SKIN

LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

MALE REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM

4 WEEKS GESTATION

3 MONTHS

SIX MONTHS

SUCKING THUMB

BABIES ONLY AFTER THIS!

AND YOU TRAVELED TO SEE THIS

AND THIS….ST BASIL IN RUSSIA

THIS IS WHAT YOUR BABY BECOMES

OR THIS

ARE YOU MATURE ENOUGH TO DEAL WITH THIS?

BODY CAVITIES THERE ARE TWO MAIN CAVITIES: THE DORSAL CAVITY ◦ THE BACK SIDE OF THE BODY ◦ DIVIDED INTO THE CRANIAL CAVITY WHICH HOLDS THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CAVITY WHICH HOLDS THE SPINAL CORD VENTRAL CAVITY ◦ THE FRONT SIDE OF THE BODY ◦ SEPARATED INTO TWO PARTS BY A MUSCLE CALLED THE DIAPHRAM THERE ARE TWO MAIN CAVITIES: THE DORSAL CAVITY ◦ THE BACK SIDE OF THE BODY ◦ DIVIDED INTO THE CRANIAL CAVITY WHICH HOLDS THE BRAIN AND THE SPINAL CAVITY WHICH HOLDS THE SPINAL CORD VENTRAL CAVITY ◦ THE FRONT SIDE OF THE BODY ◦ SEPARATED INTO TWO PARTS BY A MUSCLE CALLED THE DIAPHRAM

DIAPHRAM THE DIAPHRAM IS THE MUSCLE THAT SEPARATES THE BODY INTO TWO HALVES: TOP AND BOTTOM ABOVE THE DIAPHRAM IS THE THORACIC CAVITY, WHICH HOLDS THE HEART, LUNGS, AND MAJOR BLOOD VESSELS BELOW IS THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY, WHICH HOLDS THE ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE AND URINARY SYSTEMS THE BOTTOM PORTION OF THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY IS CALLED THE PELVIC CAVITY IT CONTAINS THE REPORDUCTIVE ORGANS

DIRECTIONS, PLANES, AND REGIONS YOU MUST BE ABLE TO IDENTIFY AREAS OF THE BODY FOR TREATMENTS, INJECTIONS, OR DIAGNOSIS THE TERMS FOR DIRECTION ARE BASED ON ANATOMICAL POSITION ANATOMICAL POSITION MEANS THAT THE BODY IS STANDING STRAIGHT UP, FACING FORWARD, AND THE ARMS AT THE SIDES WITH PALMS FACING FORWARD BODY PLANES ARE IMAGINARY LINES THAT DIVIDE THE BODY INTO SECTIONS REGIONS OF THE BODY ARE ALSO IDENTIFIED USING SPECIAL NAMES

DIRECTIONAL TERMS USED TO LOCATE A PORTION OF THE BODY OR DESCRIBE A POSITION OF THE BODY SOME TERMS SHOSW A POSITION RELATIVE TO SOMETHING ELSE THE TERMS FREQUENTLY USED FOR DIRECTIONAL TERMS ARE: ◦ ANTERIORDEEP ◦ POSTERIORSUPERFICIAL ◦ INFERIORPROXIMAL ◦ SUPERIORDISTAL ◦ LATERALSUPINE ◦ MEDIALPRONE

DIRECTIONS ANTERIOR ◦ MEANS THE FRONT SIDE OF THE BODY POSTERIOR ◦ ALSO KNOWN AS DORSAL ◦ MEANS THE BACK OF THE BODY INFERIOR ◦ BELOW ANOTHER STRUCTURE  EX STOMACH IS INFERIOR TO THE HEART SUPERIOR ◦ ABOVE ANOTHER STRUCTURE LATERAL ◦ TO THE SIDE  EX EYES ARE LATERAL TO THE NOSE MEDIAL ◦ MIDDLE OF NEAR THE MEDIAL PART OF THE BODY

CONTINUED DEEP ◦ THROUGH THE SURFACE AS IN A DEEP CUT SUPERFICIAL ◦ ON OR NEAR THE SURFACE, LIKE A SUPERFICIAL SCRATCH PROXIMAL ◦ NEAR THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT TO THE TRUNK  EX PROXIMAL END OF THE THIGHBONE JOINS THE HIPBONE DISTAL ◦ AWAY FROM THE POINT OF ATTACHMENT TO THE TRUNK SUPINE ◦ LYING ON YOUR BACK (SUPINE, ON YOUR SPINE) PRONE ◦ LYING ON YOUR STOMACH

PLANES OF THE BODY THIS IS USED TO VISUALIZE THE BODY STUCTURES IN RELATIONSHIP TO EACH OTHER THREE IMAGINARY PLANES DIVIDE THE BODY THESE PLANES CUT THROUGH THE BODY IN DIFFERENT DIRECTIONS ◦ SAGITTAL ◦ FRONTAL ◦ TRANSVERSE

PLANES SAGITTAL ◦ DIVIDED THE BODY INTO TWO PARTS, RIGHT AND LEFT ◦ IF IT IS EQUAL RIGHT AND LEFT, IT IS CALLED MIDSAGITTAL PLANE FRONTAL ◦ ALSO CALLED CORONAL PLANE ◦ DIVIDES THE DOBY INTO ANTERIOR AND POSTERIOR SECTIONS TRANSVERSE ◦ DIVIDES THE BODY HORIZONTALLY INTO A TOP OR SUPERIOR, AND A BOTTOM, OR AN INFERIOR PART

DIRECTIONAL PLANES

REGIONS OF THE ABDOMINLAL CAVITY THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY IS SO LARGE THAT IT HELPS TO DIVIDE IT INTO NINE REGIONS THE REGIONS ARE: ◦ EPIGASTRIC ◦ HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION ◦ UNBILICAL ◦ LUMBAR ◦ HYPOGASTRIC ◦ ILIAC OR INGUINAL REGION

EPIGASTIC REGION AND HYPOCHONDRIAC REGION EPIGASTRIC ◦ AREA ABOVE THE STOMACH HYPOCHONDRIAC ◦ THE TWO REGIONS JUST BELOW THE RIBS, IMMEDIATELY OVER THE ABDOMEN

UMBILICAL, LUMBAR, HYPOGASTRIC, & ILIAC REGIONS UMBILICAL ◦ REGION SURROUNDING THE UNBILICUS OR YOUR BELLYBUTTON LUMBAR ◦ TWO REGIONS NEWR THE WAIST HYPOGASTRIC ◦ AREA JUST BELOW THE UMBILICAL REGION ILIAC OR INGUINAL ◦ TWO REGIONS NEAR THE UPPER PORTION OF THE HIPBONE

SIMPLE WAY OF DIVIDING THE ABDOMINAL CAVITY FOUR QUADRANTS ◦ RIGHT UPPER ◦ RIGHT LOWER ◦ LEFT UPPER ◦ LEFT LOWER

QUADRANTS OF ABDOMEN RIGHT UPPER ◦ RIGHT ANTERIOR SIDE ◦ CONTAINS PART OF THE LIVER, THE GALLBLADDER, AND PARTS OF THE PANCREAS AND INTESTINAL TRACT RIGHT LOWER ◦ RIGHT ANTERIOR SIDE ◦ CONTAINS THE APPENDIX, PARTS OF THE INTESTINES, REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN THE FEMALE AND URINARY TRACT

QUADRANTS CONTINUED LEFT UPPER ◦ ON THE LEFT ANTERIOR SIDE ◦ CONTAINS THE STOMACH, SPLEEN, AND PARTS OTHE THELIVER, PANCREAS, AND INTESTINES LEFT LOWER ◦ ON THE LEFT ANTERIOR SIDE ◦ CONTAINS PARTS OF THE INTESTINES, REPRODUCTIVE ORGANS IN THE FEMALE, AND THE URINARY TRACT

QUADRANTS OF ABDOMEN

INTERNAL REGIONS OF ABDOMEN

CLASSWORK FOR TOMORROW CLASSWORK FOR TOMORROW REVIEW QUESTIONS ON PAGE 178 MINILAB: PARTNERS WILL DO ABDOMINAL EXAMS ON EACHOTHER AND IDENTIFY THE ORGANS OF EACH QUADRANT. WITH A STETHESCOPE, LISTEN TO BOWEL SOUNDS