Dialectology

Language Varieties Language variety refers to the various forms of language triggered by social factors such as:- Language variety refers to the various forms of language triggered by social factors such as:- Social situation Occupation Age Geography Education Gender Social status Ethnicity

For example:

Language Varieties Cover Standard language Style Dialects Registers Pidgins Creoles

For social political reasons, a variety of language may be officially elevated as the national language, such a language variety is called standard language. For social political reasons, a variety of language may be officially elevated as the national language, such a language variety is called standard language. It is associated to Prestige Prestige Education Education Public life Public life

Prestige: Prestige: Prestigious speaker such as Imran khanEducation: Academic writing and learning Public life: Science, Political, Religion Used by educated speaker

A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called a dialect. A variety of a language used recognizably in a specific region or by a specific social class is called a dialect. The study of dialect is called dialectology. The study of dialect is called dialectology. Dialects are categorized into 4 types : Regional Regional Temporal dialects Temporal dialects Sociolects Sociolects Idiolects Idiolects

Regional / geographical dialects includes varieties of a language spoken in a geographical area. Regional / geographical dialects includes varieties of a language spoken in a geographical area. Sindhi is one of the regional dialect of Pakistan

Varieties of a language used at particular stages in its historical development. Varieties of a language used at particular stages in its historical development. For example: We identify Shakespeare's English as being different from our English We identify Shakespeare's English as being different from our English.

Sociolects includes varieties of a language used by people belonging to particular social classes. Sociolects includes varieties of a language used by people belonging to particular social classes. For example: Christian, Muslims and Jewish in Baghdad speak different variety of Arabic Christian, Muslims and Jewish in Baghdad speak different variety of Arabic

American English and British English American English and British English:

Varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary. Varieties of a language used by individual speakers, with peculiarities of pronunciation, grammar and vocabulary.

For Example: Tusī kivēṁ hō? Ki haal ae tada? TuhaaDey kiaa haal hin? Key haal ne ?

Registers are varieties of language used in different situations, which are identified by the degrees of formality. Registers are varieties of language used in different situations, which are identified by the degrees of formality. Formal register Informal register Formal register Informal register

S T Y L E

Language style is defined as the choice of words used by a specific group of people when they speak. Language style is defined as the choice of words used by a specific group of people when they speak. An example of language style is the words, jargon and abbreviations which are used by the doctor. An example of language style is the words, jargon and abbreviations which are used by the doctor.

There are four main language styles There are four main language styles

Voice Word choice Tone

Example:-

Pidgin: A mixed language with a small vocabulary and a simple grammar used by speakers of two languages to communicate. So it is also called contact language. Two features of pidgin languages: 1.A pidgin has no native speakers. 2.It is a simplified language with reduced vocabulary and grammar.

Example: English Tok-Pisin Please Plis

When a pidgin begins to acquire native speakers who use it as their primary language, the pidgin turns to be a Creole. The process by which a pidgin develops is called Pidginization; the process by which a pidgin becomes a Creole is called Creolization.

Example English of Blacks in the US. The speaker may feel that they speak something less than normal.

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