One of America’s most loved and hated Presidents ANDREW JACKSON

WHAT WE ALREADY KNOW ABOUT JACKSON Homegrown man born in a log cabin Military history: American Revolution-War of 1812 Takeover of Spanish Florida Crazy Duels, Gambling, Military Tyranny Protection of Women at all costs Loses Presidency in “Corrupt Bargain” of 1824

Mixed classes Ate together at hotels One-class travel Widespread belief in “equality” White males “self-made” Feminists come later RISE OF A DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY 1830S

Who dominated politics from 1790s-1820s? BIG CHANGES Lower and middle class participation State suffrage laws Political parties Campaign methods Improved education Newspaper circulation CHANGE IN POLITICS

ELECTION OF 1828 “JQA who can write”“Andy J who can fight”

ELECTION OF 1828 Adams seeks reelection “Elitist, unpopular, not right for the common people” Jacksonians have new campaign method: MUDSLINGING Smearing the President’s name, retaliating with negativity Jackson: “Adams uses public funds for personal luxuries!” Adams: “Jackson’s wife committed adultery!” 3x number of voters participated compared to 1824 Jackson wins easily Master political campaign organizer Carries all western states; “war hero and a man of the western frontier”

“OLD HICKORY”, A MAN OF THE PEOPLE Our first “self-made” president Famous self-trained general Symbol of the working class No college education Against the rich Frugal Jeffersonian; limited federal power, states rights

JACKSON, BY JOHN MARSZALEK 1.How does Marszalek describe Jackson? Why does he state that Jackson could never be elected during our time? 2.What happened to Rachel Jackson? How did it affect President Jackson? 3.Give 2 examples of Mudslinging. 4.What makes Jackson a nationalist? What about a defender of state’s rights? 5.What was the Petticoat Affair? How did it impact Jackson? 6.What was rotation in office and how was it used during Jackson’s Presidency?

REVIEW: Name 2 events that promoted nationalism in the Era of Good Feelings. Name 2 ways that society was becoming “more democratic” by the 1830s. In what ways did Jackson portray himself as a “common man”?

Universal Male Suffrage No more property/religious qualifications Party Nominating Conventions and Popular Election of President Voters choose a state’s slate of presidential electors Two Party System Whigs & Democrats solidify Campaign on a large scale basis Rise of 3 rd parties New political concerns More Elected Offices Popular Campaigning Role of the President Limited (sorta) Spoils System/Rotation of Offices “More Opportunity” Giving out government jobs in return for party loyalty POLITICS OF THE COMMON MAN

THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS Supported states rights but not disunion Jackson continues policy of protective tariffs by supporting the 1828 Tariff of Abominations South Carolina (and South) is unhappy, declares tariff unconstitutional John C. Calhoun proposes nullification

Originally a Presidential candidate; settled for Jackson’s VP Agreed with 1828 Tariff; changed opinion because it hurt the agrarian south Advocated for nullification instead of secession Joined with Clay later on with the Compromise Tariff Left VP position after Jackson’s first term JOHN C. CALHOUN: AN INTRODUCTION

1832: SC holds special convention to nullify Tariff of 1828 and 1832 Jackson: Force Bill Military action is not taken; Congress negotiates and lowers tariff; SC backs down Impact: Strong defense of federal authority Foreshadowing: anti- slavery alarm a growing concern NULLIFICATION CRISIS

JACKSON VS. THE NATIONAL BANK Jackson is weary of the national bank Hard money v. soft money; Constitutionality; Power National Bank (1816) v. State Banks (Panic 1819) Congress proposes renewing the bank for 20 years Clay-Webster political ploy Bill passes but Jackson vetoes the bill Jackson destroys the bank (though its charter had not expired) and invests the money in state banks Called Pet Banks because Jackson rewarded his allies Split outcome: good and bad for nation

ANDREW JACKSON’S REAL ABOMINATION Sympathized with land-hungry Americans Most humane solution: compel all American Indians to resettle west of the Mississippi Pushed Congress to approve the Indian Removal Act, funding the government’s forced relocation of American Indians 1836: Bureau of Indian Affairs created

JACKSON’S SPEECH TO CONGRESS “It will separate the Indians from immediate contact with settlements of whites; free them from the power of the States; enable them to pursue happiness in their own way and under their own rude institutions; will retard the progress of decay, which is lessening their numbers, and perhaps cause them gradually, under the protection of the Government and through the influence of good counsels, to cast off their savage habits and become an interesting, civilized, and Christian community.”

INDIANS FIGHT BACK The Cherokee, one of the five civilized tribes, fought back in the American way– sues the government Precedents set by Chief Justice John Marshall Cherokee Nation v. Georgia, 1831: Tribal Sovereignty Worcester v. Georgia 1832: GA laws had no force in Cherokee Territory GA ignores ruling…Federal Court v. State Laws

ANDREW JACKSON’S RESPONSE TO JOHN MARSHALL— “JOHN MARSHALL HAS MADE HIS DECISION, NOW LET HIM ENFORCE IT.” WHAT DOES THIS MEAN? SIGNIFICANCE?

JACKSON AND AMERICAN INDIANS Essentially, Jackson ignores the Supreme Court and ignores the checks and balances that are supposed to limit his power Extreme racism at the time; many supported Jackson and he was never held accountable VP, then President Martin Van Buren enacts the Trail of Tears because of the Indian Removal Act 15,000 Cherokees removed; 4,000+ deaths

READ: PRIMARY SOURCES OF INDIAN REMOVAL

REVIEW: JACKSON 1.Give 3 examples of how politics changed to support the common man. 2.What sections of the country supported Jackson? Why? 3.Give an example of how Jackson supported the federal government. 4.Give an example of how Jackson supported the state government. 5.Why might the Election of 1828 be considered a revolution? 6.How did Jackson change the role of the president? Use the following events to support your answer. 1.Tariff of Abominations/Nullification Crisis 2.Bank War 3.Indian Removal/Worcester v. GA

POLITICAL PARTIES Jackson’s followers call themselves the Jacksonian Democrats, or just the Democrats Those who disliked Jackson called him “Jackass”… New Party led by Clay: called themselves the “Whigs” to mirror the English anti-monarchist party

American System Opposed immorality, vice and crime New Englanders, mid Atlantic/upper Middle- Western states, Protestants, middle class urban workers Local rule Limited government Free trade Equal economic opportunity Opposed monopolies, national bank, high tariffs, and high land prices Southerners, westerners, small farmers, urban workers POLITICAL PARTIES Democrats: JacksonWhigs: Clay

JACKSON: A COMMON MAN? DEBATE Andrew Jackson claimed throughout his presidency to be a proponent of the “common man” but did he reflect that title? YOU DECIDE! Using the information in you notes, readings, and textbook, argue your team’s stance on Jackson’s presidency. To what extent was Andrew Jackson truly a common man?

Jackson’s background (home life, growing up, Revolutionary War, War of 1812, Indian battles, dueling) Personality traits Universal male suffrage Indian removal National Bank Veto Pet banks Nullification Crisis Peggy Eaton Affair Spoil System & Rotation of office holders Was he a reflection of the new democracy emerging in the country? How might he have influenced this new ideology himself? How do we measure Jacksonian Democracy in light of his treatment of groups such as Native Americans or Slaves? COMMON MAN DEBATE Questions to Consider Events to Consider