21-4: the HARLEM RENAISSANCE: 1919 TO 1935, HARLEM NEW YORK CITY AFTER WWI MANY BLACKS FLED THE SOUTH FOR BETTER ECONOMIC OPPORTUNITIES AND FREEDOM FROM KKK VIOLENCE. HARLEM, NEW YORK WAS A POPULAR DESTINATION AND NEW YORK CITY’S BLACK POPULATION SWELLED FROM 30,000 IN 1900 TO OVER 300,000 IN 1930.

W.E.B. Du Bois and James Weldon Johnson: Organization: The NAACP, which was founded in1901 encouraged peaceful protests against racial violence. They held their 1920 conference in Atlanta, one of the most active Klan areas at that time. Two years later, the NAACP placed large ads in major newspaper to present the facts about lynching. THIS CARTOON SHOWS THE ANTI- LYNCHING BILLS BEING PUT OFF BY CONGRESS. THE NAACP LOBBIED CONGRESS UNSUCCESSFULLY FOR LEGISLATION. LOGO FROM

Marcus Garvey: founded the (UNIA). This organization worked through mass meetings and parades to get out the message of Black Pride/ “Black is Beautiful”. It promoted African American businesses. The UNIA was opposed to racial integration and promoted a back to Africa movement where African Americans would build an independent nation in Africa

Marcus Garvey saw himself as a Black Moses leading his people out of bondage to an African promised land. But, the UNIA collapsed after purchasing the Black Star Line which went bankrupt due to sabotage, and poor business practices. Marcus Garvey will end up going to jail for mail fraud related to the sale of Black Star Line stock.

LANGSTON HUGHES : POET, KNOWN FOR POEMS THAT DESCRIBED THE DIFFICULT EVERYDAY LIVES OF WORKING – CLASS AFRICAN AMERICANS ZORA NEALE HURSTON: WRITER OF NOVELS, FOLKLORE, POEMS, AND SHORT STORIES; HER WORKS PORTRAYED THE LIVES OF POOR, UNSCHOOLED SOUTHERN AFRICAN AMERICANS CLAUDE MCKAY: POET, WROTE MILITANT VERSES URGING AFRICAN AMERICANS TO RESIS PREJUDICE AND DISCRIMINATION AFRICAN- AMERICAN WRITERS

AFRICAN AMERICAN PERFORMERS DUKE ELLINGTON : JAZZ PIANIST AND COMPOSER LOUIS ARMSTRONG : JAZZ TRUMPET PLAYER; He went on to become the single most important and influential musician in the history of Jazz BESSIE SMITH: Blues singer, in 1927 she became the highest paid black artist in the world.

AFRICAN AMERICAN PERFORMERS Paul Robeson : Major dramatic actor and singer known for his commanding stage presence Josephine Baker: Dancing, Singing, Comedy star who lived and worked in Paris where she was better accepted; During World War II she acts as a spy for the French underground and is awarded France’s Legion of Honor