Brief Response How were many American women changing? More personal freedom New inventions made housekeeping easier so women had more free time for social activities. Younger women balked at rules of older society Women had more equality in relationships More jobs for especially single women.

The Harlem Renaissance p. 452

Today’s goal African Americans moved from the South to Northern cities in the early 1900s to escape racism and find jobs. The did not know what was in store for them. Prolific African American artists created what would be called the “Harlem Renaissance.”

Zora Neal Hurston Writer Aggressive in the hard American literary field. Reflected the double challenge for Blacks in America and her solution: “I do not weep at [being Negro]—I am too busy sharpening my oyster knife!” EC: What is Hurston’s analogy with the oyster knife? – Shucking oysters is difficult – One must shuck many to find a pearl or just to get the meat. – The work is hard and doing it fast can cut up one’s hands.

James Weldon Johnson Poet and lawyer Executive Secretary of the NAACP Worked to affect legislation that improved life for African Americans Also to end lynchings that were common at the time in the South.

oratory The art of public speaking. Marcus Garvey was very skilled at it.

Marcus Garvey American of Jamaican descent. Very vocal about asserting Black Pride. 1914, began the Universal Negro Improvement Association. – Used oratory, mass meetings, parades….. – Promoted African businesses – Started the Back-to-Africa movement to build a free Black American nation there; free from White oppression. Lost popularity when convicted of mail fraud and jailed. Many Blacks would not forget his main message of pride, economic independence, and reverence for Africa. Malcolm X’ parents worked for him. Malcolm would continue Garvey’s message in his 1950s and 60s activities.

Harlem Renaissance A literary and art movement celebrating African American culture during the 1920s. Harlem itself was an overcrowded section of New York City with many unemployed and living in poverty.

Claude McKay Novelist, poet. – From Jamaica Urged African Americans to resist prejudice and discrimination. Wrote of…. – Ghettos – Strain of being Black in a White-dominated world. Cane.

Langston Hughes Writer, poet Described the difficult lives of working-class African Americans Syncopated with tempo of jazz and the blues. Became the best known of the Harlem Renaissance poets.

Paul Robeson Actor and singer – Took up the struggle and indignities in the US. – Faced double prejudice when be became a Communist and showed support for the Soviet Union. Travelled and lived in Britain and the Soviet Union. – Became world acclaimed. – Reviled in the US by many, including the government.

Louis Armstrong Jazz trumpet player – “Chicago” jazz sound Popular for his rhythm and improvisation. Also used a personal touch with the audience. Soon left the bands he was with to start his own career. – Some say he was the biggest influence on the direction of American jazz.

Edward Kennedy “Duke” Ellington Jazz pianist and composer Led a band in Harlem’s Cotton Club. – Full, rich orchestrations, full of traditional and jazz Black influences. – All aimed at dancing. “Mood Indigo”, “Sophisticated Lady”, “Black and Tan Fantasy”Black and Tan Fantasy

Bessie Smith Blues singer Recorded for Black labels produced by the major White record companies. 1927, the highest paid Black artist in the world.

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p. 453, analyzing effects A movement of millions of African Americans to Northern cities greatly increased their black populations, It also heightened racial tensions in the North that sometimes resulted in discrimination and violence.

p. 454, summarizing Garvey believed that African Americans should build a separate society He preached a message of self-pride and he promoted African American businesses.

p. 456, synthesizing They expressed their pride in African American experience They celebrated their heritage and folklore.

p. 457, summarizing African Americans were outstanding in the performing arts.

p. 457, 3, analyzing causes African Americans migrated north in large numbers and found more equality and a community that supported the arts. Mingling with Caribbean people and Northerners (including immigrants) created an unique cultural exchange and served as inspiration for the arts.

p. 457, 4, forming generalizations African American performers had many fans Jazz quickly spread across the country (and world) and became popular dance music.

p. 457, 5, drawing conclusions The Harlem Renaissance nurtured African American pride It contributed great literature, drama, painting, photography, and music to American culture.

p. 459, 1, comparing Literature reflected elements of jazz music (Hughes’ rhythmic poetry). Both exuberant, emotional, and unconventional. Both marked by new styles and attitudes that society reflected. Both became popular because of their fresh and expressive perspectives.

p. 460, Main Ideas, 4 Birthrate declined. More women went to work. Labor-saving devices provided more leisure time.

p. 460, Main Ideas, 6 Conformity Materialism Shallowness of middle-class values Glorification of war

p. 460, Main Ideas, 7 They showed a desire of African Americans to – Escape inequality – Fight injustice – Improve their lives

p. 461, standardized test practice 1. A 2 C 3. A

Study for your Exam Prepare your Cornell Notes

Today’s goal (review) African Americans moved from the South to Northern cities in the early 1900s to escape racism and find jobs. The did not know what was in store for them. Prolific African American artists created what would be called the “Harlem Renaissance.”