AP Psych Rapid Review Unit 3 Biology of Behavior 8%-10%

Answer these questions: 1. A neuron w/o a terminal button would be unable to… 2. Paul Broca found damage in what lobe caused speaking difficulty… 3. What is the master gland? 4. The main function of the dendrite is to… 5. What is the #1 inhibitory NT?

Try this…

NEURONS Sensory neurons  carry incoming information from the sensory receptors to the brain and spinal cord Interneurons  brain &spinal cord  communicate internally & intervene between the sensory inputs and motor outputs Motor neurons  carry outgoing information from the brain and spial cord to the muscles and glands efferent afferent REFLEX ARC

Ions have a charge (+ or -). When they move they create electricity = action potential. A strong stimulus can increase the number of times a neuron fires, NOT how fast it fires or the intensity of the impulse

Firing of a Neuron Threshold must be meet to cause an action potential  Action potential  a neural impulse; a brief electrical charge that travels down an axon  involves exchange of ions  Resting potential  positive outside/negative inside  Selectively permeable  positive ions can’t mix with negative when neuron’s “gate” is closed neurons generate electricity from chemical events = exchange of ions

Firing of a Neuron When neuron fires…  Depolarize  positive ions flood through axon Refractory period  resting/pause…neuron pumps + ions out & can fire again All or none response  more neurons can be fired or neurons can fire more often, but the impulse/action potential’s strength & speed are all or none – either fire or not

Synapse Synaptic gap (synaptic cleft) Neurotransmitters  chemical messengers that cross the synaptic gaps between neurons.  When released by the sending neuron, neurotransmitters travel across the synapse and bind to receptor sites on the receiving neuron  influencing whether that neuron will generate a neural impulse Reuptake

How Neurotransmitters Influence Us Acetylcholine (AcH) Dopamine Serotonin Norepinephrine GABA Glutamate Endorphins

Agonists and Antagonists

Objective 4: What are the functions of the nervous system’s main divisions? electrochemical communication network Spinal cord links peripheral nervous system to brain

The Nervous System

can be consciously overridden

The Nervous System

fight or flight opponent process homeostasis rest & digest

digestion slows Opponent Process

Objective 5: How does the endocrine system transmit its messages? Endocrine system  Chemical communication system; secretes hormones into the bloodstream (“slow” but can outlast NT)  Adrenal glands Adrenal glands  Epinephrine & norepinephrine  Fight or flight response  Pituitary gland (master gland) Pituitary gland  In brain; controlled by hypothalamus  Influence the release of other hormones Brain Pituitary other glands Hormones Brain

other stuff… effectors – muscle & gland cells Glial cells - support & protect neuron; create myelin -70mV = voltage of resting neuron

The Central Nervous System: The Brain EEG – electrical waves CAT – x-ray PET – glucose MRI – soft tissue fMRI – blood flow; function

Brainstem (Old Brain) Medulla  Breathing / heart rate Pons  Movement / Dreaming ? Reticular Activating System  Also called Reticular Formation  Essential to arousal

Thalamus Sensory Switchboard / Relay Station  Except for smell (olfaction)

Cerebellum  “Little brain”  nonverbal learning  IMPLICIT memory  judge time  discriminate sound & texture  Movement / Balance

Limbic System  controls emotions & drives  hippocampus  amygdala  hypothalamus What happens if the amygdala is lesioned? What happens if the amygdala is stimluated?

Hypothalamu s - controls all aspects of behavior that are regulated by hormones s  The 4 F’s:  Fighting  Fleeing  Feeding (vetromedial/lateral)  Mating Olds & Milner  Reward Centers

Cerebral Cortex  Frontal lobes Frontal lobes  Parietal lobes Parietal lobes  Occipital lobes Occipital lobes  Temporal lobes Temporal lobes

Wilder Penfield Mapped the Motor Cortex Precise movements occupy most space Sensory Cortex  Most sensitive parts of body take up most cortical space in sensory cortex

Association Areas Areas not involved in primary motor or sensory functions  Learning, remembering, thinking, speaking Aphasia  Broca’s (can’t speak)  Wernicke’s (can’t comprehend / speak jibberish)

Sperry & Gazzaniga

Genetics Monozygotic twins (MZ) – Identical Dizygotic twins (DZ) – Fraternal Heritability is the proportion of variation that is due to genetics (twins = 0) Twin Studies = show us contribution of genetics vs. environment

Turner Syndrome – girls, short lack ovaries, fail to develop, normal IQ, spatial & math defeicits Klinefelter’s Syndrom – male, fail to develop, passive Down Syndrome – 3 rd copy of chromosome 21 Tay-Sachs –loss of nerve function (death) Phenyletonuria (PKU)- severe, irreversible brain damage unless baby fed special diet within 1 st 30 days (epigenitics)