A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order I.Old and New Causes of a Second World War II.Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific III.The Conduct of a Second Global War IV.War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff V.Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa

A Second Global Conflict and the End of the European World Order

International Agreements Locarno Pact – 1925 y France, Germany, Great Britain, Italy  Guarantee existing frontiers  Establish DMZ 30 miles deep on East bank of Rhine River  Refrain from aggression against each other Kellog-Briand Pact – 1928 y Makes war illegal as a tool of diplomacy  No enforcement provisions

Old and New Causes of a Second World War Guomindang Chinese reunification Japanese invade Manchuria, Manchuko, 1931

Old and New Causes of a Second World War Rehearsals: Dictators, Militarism, and the Agony of the Spanish Civil War Germany Response to Soviet Union, World War I losses Italy Ethiopia

Spanish Civil War Guernica (1937) by Picasso Gen. Francisco Franco conducted a civil war against the socialist government. Both Italy and Germany sent massive support. The rest of the world did little. Franco emerged victorious in The US remained isolationist and neutral.

y y Carlists [ultra-Catholic monarchists]. y Catholic Church. y Falange [fascist] Party. y Monarchists. y Anarcho-Syndicalists. y Basques. y Catalans. y Communists. y Marxists. y Republicans. y Socialists. y Anarcho-Syndicalists. y Basques. y Catalans. y Communists. y Marxists. y Republicans. y Socialists. The National Front [Nationalists] The National Front [Nationalists] The Popular Front [Republicans] The Popular Front [Republicans] The Spanish Civil War:

The Spanish Civil War: A Dress Rehearsal for WW II? Italian troops in Madrid

Unchecked Aggression and the Coming of War in Europe and the Pacific Japanese invade China, 1937 Guomindang retreat Germany invades Poland, 1939

World War II in Europe and the Middle East

Asia and the Pacific in World War II

The Nazi-Soviet Non-Aggression Pact, 1939 Foreign Ministers von Ribbentrop & Molotov

The Conduct of a Second Global War West reacts slowly “Phony” War Nazi-Soviet Pact

Nazi Blitzkrieg, Stalemate, and the Long Retreat Germany Conquers France, Low Countries Northern Africa Britain – Battle of the Atlantic Winston Churchill Russia Germany invades, 1941 Operation Barbarossa 1943, driven back

European Theater of Operations

The “Phoney War” Ends: Spring, 1940

Dunkirk Evacuated June 4, 1940

France Surrenders June, 1940

A Divided France Henri Petain

The French Resistance The Free French General Charles DeGaulle The Maquis

Rome-Berlin-Tokyo Axis: The Tripartite Pact September, 1940

Now Britain Is All Alone!

American Isolationism What could we have done? What should we have done?

Operation Barbarossa: Hitler’s Biggest Mistake

Operation Barbarossa: June 22, 1941 y 3,000,000 German soldiers. y 3,400 tanks.

The Holocaust Exposed Holocaust begins, 1942 Up to 12 million killed 6 million Jews “Final Solution”

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Crematoria at Majdanek Entrance to Auschwitz Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed

Slave Labor at Buchenwald

Horrors of the Holocaust Exposed Mass Graves at Bergen-Belsen

Anglo-American Offensives, Encirclement, and the End of the 12-Year Reich Pearl Harbor, 1941 United States joins Allies Americans and British North Africa, 1942 Success against Germans, Italians France, 1944 Germany surrenders, 1945

Axis Powers in 1942

The Rise and Fall of the Japanese Empire in the Pacific War Japan Attacks U.S., 1941 Indonesia, Malaya, Burma, Philippines U.S. Some success by late 1942 Air attacks on Japan, 1944 Atomic bombs Hiroshima, Nagasaki

Potsdam Conference: July, 1945 y FDR dead, Churchill out of office as Prime Minister during conference. y Stalin only original. y The United States has the A-bomb. has the A-bomb. y Allies agree Germany be divided into occupation be divided into occupation Zones. (4) z y Poland moved around to suit the Soviets. P.M. Clement President Joseph Atlee Truman Stalin

Hiroshima – August 6, 1945

Nagasaki – Aug. 9, 1945

V-J Day –Aug. 15, 1945 USSR had finally declared war on Japan on Aug. 8, 1945, after the 1st atomic bomb.

WW II Casualties: Europe Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

WW II Casualties: Asia Each symbol indicates 100,000 dead in the appropriate theater of operations

WW II Casualties Country Men in war Battle deaths Wounded Australia1,000,00026,976180,864 Austria800,000280,000350,117 Belgium625,0008,460 55,513 1 Brazil 2 40, ,222 Bulgaria339,7606,67121,878 Canada 1,086, , ,145 China 3 17,250,5211,324,5161,762,006 Czechoslovakia— 6, ,017 Denmark—4,339— Finland500,00079,04750,000 France—201,568400,000 Germany20,000,000 3,250, ,250,000 Greece—17,02447,290 Hungary—147,43589,313 India2,393,89132,12164,354 Italy3,100, , ,716 Japan9,700,0001,270,000140,000 Netherlands280,0006,5002,860 New Zealand 194,000 11, ,000 Norway75,0002,000— Poland—664,000530,000 Romania 650, ,000 6 — South Africa 410,0562,473— U.S.S.R.— 6,115, ,012,000 United Kingdom 5,896, , ,267 United States 16,112,566291,557670,846 Yugoslavia3,741,000305,000425,000 1.Civilians only. 2.Army and navy figures. 3.Figures cover period July 7, 1937 to Sept. 2, 1945, and concern only Chinese regular troops. They do not include casualties suffered by guerrillas and local military corps. 4.Deaths from all causes. 5.Against Soviet Russia; 385,847 against Nazi Germany. 6.Against Soviet Russia; 169,822 against Nazi Germany. 7.National Defense Ctr., Canadian Forces Hq., Director of History. t_of_wars_and_anthropogenic _disasters_by_death_to ll

Massive Human Dislocations

The U.S. & the U.S.S.R. Emerged as the Two Superpowers of the later 20 c

The Bi-Polarization of Europe: The Beginning of the Cold War

War's End and the Emergence of the Superpower Standoff United Nations Security Council U.S., Soviet Union, Britain, France, China World Court

The Creation of the U. N.

From Hot War to Cold War Teheran Conference, 1944 U.S., Britain, France Yalta, 1945 Germany, four occupation zones Potsdam, 1945 Germany, Austria divided, occupied Japan invaded, loses territories

From Hot War to Cold War Korea freed, divided into two zones China Regains territory Communists v. Nationalists Baltic States Become Soviet provinces Except Yugoslavia, Greece

Nationalism and Decolonization in South and Southeast Asia and Africa Atlantic Charter, 1941 Self-determination

The Atlantic Charter y Roosevelt and Churchill sign treaty of friendship in August y Solidifies alliance. y Fashioned after Wilson’s 14 Points. y Calls for League of Nations type organization.

The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Indian National Congress Quit India Movement, 1942 Gandhi Muhammad Ali Jinnah, Muslim League British Labour government, 1945 Hindu/Muslim conflict India, Pakistan, 1947

The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Gandhi assassinated, 1948 Sri Lanka (Ceylon), Myanmar (Burma) Peaceful independence Philippines U.S. grants independence

The Winning of Independence in South and Southeast Asia Dutch Lose Indonesia to nationalists, 1949 French Indochina PROCLAMATION WE THE PEOPLE OF INDONESIA HEREBY DECLARE THE INDEPENDENCE OF INDONESIA. MATTERS WHICH CONCERN THE TRANSFER OF POWER AND OTHER THINGS WILL BE EXECUTED BY CAREFUL MEANS AND IN THE SHORTEST POSSIBLE TIME. DJAKARTA, 17 AUGUST 1945 IN THE NAME OF THE PEOPLE OF INDONESIA SOEKARNO— HATTA

The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Two models Radical e.g. British Gold Coast (Ghana) Kwame Nkrumah Convention Peoples Party Strikes, rallies, boycotts Independence, 1957

The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa Peaceful French, Belgian territories Negotiation e.g. Senegal, Ivory Coast Léopold Sédar Senghor, Felix Houphouât-Boigny Economic ties retained

The Liberation of Nonsettler Africa All French West African colonies freed by 1960 Portuguese retain colonies

Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies More conflict Kenya Jomo Kenyatta Peaceful efforts fail Land Freedom Army Guerilla tactics Defeated, Kenyatta imprisoned

Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Kenya Negotiation with Britain Independence, 1963 Kenyatta president

Repression and Guerrilla War: The Struggle for the Settler Colonies Algeria Violent (B. of Algiers) National Liberation Front Warfare, 1950s Negotiations Independence, 1962

The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa Angola, Mozambique Revolution Independence, 1975 Southern Rhodesia (Zimbabwe) Independence by 1980

The Persistence of White Supremacy in South Africa South Africa Afrikaners White supremacy ideology In control after Anglo- Boer War ( ) Apartheid

Conflicting Nationalisms: Arabs, Israelis, and the Palestinian Question Arab nations Most independent by 1960s Palestine Zionist movement Holocaust Muslim revolt, , Palestine divided Warfare

The Partition of Palestine After World War II

Global Connections: Persisting Trends in a World Transformed by War The end of the European Colonial order Begun in World War I Completed in and just after World War II Decolonization transfers power from elites to elites Some land distribution Western dominance of trade and international economy continues