Sustainability & Behavior outline Definition- histogram I. Natural Selection II. Types of Behavior 1. Innate Behavior A. Reflex B. Fight or flight C. Instinct D. Courtship E. Territoriality F. Aggression G. Dominance H. Biological rhythms: circadian estivation 2. Learned Behavior A. Habituation B. Imprinting C. Trial & error D. Classical Conditioning E. Insight F. Communication G. Language

Human Population Human population is growing exponentially on our planet. U.S. Population over 300 million World Population over 7 billion

Interesting Facts-World demographics If we were to shrink the earth to a village of 100 people with all the same human ratios, there would be: 60 Asians11 Europeans 15 Africans 14 Americans 50 males50 females 75 would be non-white25 would be white 17 would be unable to read and write

Interesting Facts –contd. 22 have no electricity 26 children, 74 adults (8 over age 65) 1 would be dying of starvation,15 undernourished, 21 overweight 23 would be homeless, 16 have no toilet 7 would have a college degree 22 would own or share a computer Source: 100people.org (2006 study)

Histogram—a type of bar graph Age Structure (aka Age-Sex) Histograms - Shows the number of people by gender and by age in a given population. Example:

How do you read this thing? Let’s do an example: Why is Mexico’s population growing rapidly and Sweden’s not growing at all?

Having a wide base and a thin top to the histogram shows that a lot of people are being born and few will be dying off (Mexico). If the chart is fairly consistent all the way up, there is very little change taking place (Sweden).

Sustainable practices How can we meet current global human needs without limiting the ability of future generations to meet their own needs? Reduce demand, recycle, conservation, and the wise use of resources.

Animal Behavior Anything an animal does in response to a stimulus

Stimuli: change in the environment that causes a reaction in an organism External: temperature change, light, noise Internal: hunger, thirst

Natural Selection: The process by which the environment allows only the better adapted organisms to survive and reproduce.

How does natural selection act on behavior? 1. Behavior allows it to survive ex. Find food when hungry, escape from predator 2. Behavior must allow it to reproduce ex. Find a mate and prepare a nest

Now you will receive a card 1. Look up the meaning (definition) of the word *p Think of a skit/ charade to act out with your partner that shows this behavior 5 minutes!!

2 Types of Behavior: 1.Innate Behavior: inherited behavior, something you are born knowing how to do A. Reflex- simple, automatic response that involves no conscious control ex. Blinking, jerk hand off hot stove B. Fight or flight response- mobilizes the body for greater activity ex. Scared = heart races

C. Instinct- complex behaviors that are performed perfectly without learning ex. Duck retrieving an egg D. Courtship behavior- carried out before mating, phermones attract mate ex. Firefly flashing pattern

E. territoriality- defending a physical space from other members of species often using pheromones (chemicals) ex. Wolf urine F. Aggressive behavior- used to intimidate another animal of same species but not kill ex. growling

G. Dominance hierarchy- social ranking ex. Pecking order of chickens where lowest is pecked by all others H. Internal, biological rhythms- ex. Circadian rhythm based on 24 hr cycle; diurnal or nocturnal ex. Bird migration pattern ex. Hibernation (cold)/ estivation (hot)

Charades! Now let’s act out the innate behaviors to see if we can guess the correct one!

2 Types of Behavior: 2. Learned Behavior- behavior that can be changed through practice or experience more complex brain = more elaborate patterns of learned behavior and less innate behavior) allows animals to adapt to change

A. Habituation- learning not to respond ex. Horses ignoring loud traffic B. Imprinting- forming attachment to another object at critical time ex. Ducklings following mother C. Trial and error- learning by mistakes, need motivation ex. Riding a bike

D. Classical conditioning- learning by association ex. Pavlov’s dogs- salivate to bell E. Insight- learning using previous experience to respond to new situation ex. Solving math problems

F. Communication- exchange of info. (sounds, sights, smells, touches) that results in a change of behavior ex. Bird songs G. Language- use of symbols to represent ideas is present primarily in animals with complex nervous system

Charades! Now let’s act out the learned behaviors to see if we can guess the correct one!

Social Behavior Living with other animals has advantages: 1. better chance of survival 2. better mate selection 3. cooperation Altruism: helping others (often unintentional ex. Alarm calls, raise offspring, food sharing

Question 1 A deer living in the city allows you to approach and feed it, what is this an example of? D. dominance hierarchy C. aggressive behavior B. imprinting A. habituation

The answer is A. A deer normally would run from a human, but after living in the city, it has learned that humans will not harm it and are a source of food.

According to the graph, is the song sung by this sparrow a learned or innate behavior? Explain. Question 2 Bird’s Songs Wild sparrow Sparrow raised in isolation

Section 2 Check The graph indicates that there is a difference in the song sung by the wild sparrow and the one raised in isolation, therefore the song must be a learned behavior. Bird’s Songs Wild sparrow Sparrow raised in isolation

Section 2 Check The first time you rode a bicycle, you fell off. The next time, you were able to stay on and complete the ride. What type of learning is this an example of? Question 3 D. trial and error C. motivation B. imprinting A. habituation The answer is D. NC: 4.05

Chapter Assessment Question 4 A mouse is placed at one end of a maze. Food is placed at the other end of the maze. What does the food represent? D. communication C. insight B. a balanced diet A. motivation NC: 4.05

The answer is A. Food is the motivation used to make the mouse complete the maze. Chapter Assessment NC: 4.05

Chapter Assessment Question 5 Honeybees perform a dance to tell other bees where a food source is. What type of behavior is this called? D. submission C. courtship B. communication A. aggressive behavior NC: 4.05

Section 1 Check Question 6 An earthworm will move away from light. What type of behavior is this an example of? D. bioluminescence C. learned B. courtship A. innate NC: 4.05

Section 1 Check The answer is A. Innate behavior is inherited. NC: 4.05