The Byzantine Empire Section 9-1

Preview Questions How did Justinian extend Byzantine power? What were the key elements of Byzantine Christianity? Why did the Byzantine empire collapse? What was the heritage of the Byzantine empire?

Terms and People Constantinople – formerly Byzantium; capital of the eastern Roman empire Justinian – emperor of the Byzantine empire from 527 to 565, he rebuilt Constantinople and made reforms to the law Justinian’s Code – The Corpus Juris Civilis, or “Body of Civil Law”; a comprehensive collection of Roman legal writings assembled by Justinian autocrat – a sole ruler with absolute power

Terms and People (continued) Theodora – empress of the Byzantine empire, Justinian’s wife, and a fearless and powerful co-ruler patriarch – in the Byzantine and Roman empires, the highest church official in a major city icon – holy image of Christ, the Virgin Mary, or a saint venerated in the Eastern Orthodox Church Great Schism – the official split between the Roman Catholic and Byzantine churches

The Growth of Byzantine Power The eastern Roman empire became known as the Byzantine empire. Constantinople – Center of the empire – Favorable location for trade – Wealth and splendor

The Growth of Byzantine Power A Blending of Cultures – Promoted Greek, Roman, and Christian cultures

The Age of Justinian Wanted his empire to be as great as ancient Rome Ruled as an autocrat and had power over the Church Organized laws – known as Justinian’s Code

The Age of Justinian Justinian launched a building program in Constantinople. The greatest achievement was the church of the Hagia Sophia meaning “Holy Wisdom”.

Assassin’s Creed Revelations

The Age of Justinian Changing Fortunes – Many attacks came from groups such as the Turks, Persians, Slavs, Vikings, and Mongols – Arab armies gained control of much of the Mediterranean, but the empire survived due to their strong government and economy

Byzantine Christianity – Emperor controlled Church affairs – Ruled by a patriarch – Clergy may marry – Used Greek as language of Church – Greatest Holy Day is Easter – Known as Orthodox Christianity

Byzantine Christianity Schism – A dispute over the use of icons led to a schism Byzantine Christians prayed to icons Roman Christians condemned as “idol worshipping” – Pope and patriarch excommunicated each other – Fourth Crusade worsened divisions

Crisis and Collapse Reasons For Decline – Struggles over succession – Wars – Growth of Western Europe – Invasion by Seljuk Turks – The Crusades – Rise of Ottoman Turks

Crisis and Collapse Constantinople Falls – Ottoman Turks captured Constantinople in 1453 and renamed it Istanbul – Muslim influences replace Christian ones.

The Byzantine Heritage Blended Christian beliefs with Greek learning Preserved classical learning Expanded Roman architecture and law

The Rise of Russia Section 9-2 pp

Preview Questions How did geography help shape early Russia and the growth of Kiev? How did the Mongol conquest affect Russia? Why did Moscow emerge as the chief power in Russia?

The Geography of Russia

The Growth of Kiev Slavs expanded into Russia during Roman times Varangians (Vikings) became part of Russian culture

The Growth of Kiev Byzantine Influence – Trade – Cyrillic Alphabet – Byzantine Christianity – Heirs to Byzantine empire and culture Yaroslav – Ruler during Kiev’s golden age

Mongol Conquest Mongols: Nomadic warriors from Central Asia united under Genghis Khan The Golden Horde – Mongols invaded and ruled Russia in 13 th Century – Demanded tribute and recognition as overlords – Generally tolerant and let Russian princes rule

Genghis Khan’s Empire Mongols are nomadic herders until Genghis Khan unites the tribes of Mongolia and conquers Central Asia Genghis Khan is a great warrior and military leader. He greatly expands the Mongolian Empire to include China and large portions of Russia Genghis Khan dies in 1227; his successors continue to expand empire to reach all the way to Eastern Europe and the Middle East!

The Golden Horde Mongol tribe known as the Golden Horde – Mongols invaded and ruled Russia in 13 th Century – Demanded tribute and recognition as overlords – Generally tolerant and let Russian princes rule

The Height of the Mongolian Empire

Dang Mongolians!!! Stop tearing down my city wall!!!

Mongol Conquest Effects of Mongol Rule – Heavy burden of taxes – Some peasants turned to Russian nobles for protection – Tolerance and growth of Russian Orthodox Church – Peace across Asia led to increased trade – Isolation of women – Tradition of absolute rule

Moscow Takes the Lead Rise of Moscow – Located near important trade routes – Power from collecting tributes for Mongols – Capital of Russian Orthodox Church – Defeated Golden Horde in 1380

Moscow Takes the Lead Ivan the Great – United and added land to Russia’s empire – Absolute Rule Limited power of boyars, or landholding nobles Took the title czar Idea of divine rule

Moscow Takes the Lead Ivan the Terrible – Introduced feudalism in Russia as it was fading in Western Europe – Used oprichniki as special agents to enforce his will – Tradition of extreme absolute power

Looking Ahead… “Time of Troubles” – Invasions – Uprisings – Disputes over succession Romanov Dynasty began in 1613 when Michael Romanov was chosen to be new czar

Shaping Eastern Europe Section 9-3 pp

Geography Shapes Eastern Europe Baltic Sea Black Sea Balkan Peninsula Holy Roman Empire Byzantine Empire Russian Empire Ottoman Empire

Migrations Contribute to Diversity Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe and Balkans – West Slavs migrated to Poland, Czech Republic, and Slovak Republic – South Slavs migrated to the Balkan Peninsula – Magyars migrated to Hungary – Other groups that migrated to Eastern Europe included Huns, Vikings, and Jews

Migrations Contribute to Diversity Religious Diversity – Byzantine Christianity in Balkans – Roman Catholicism in Poland, Hungary, Czech Republic, and west Balkans – Islam in the Balkans – Judaism in Poland Found tolerance there Economic and cultural contributions

Three Early Kingdoms Develop Poland Enjoys Greatness – Queen Jadwiga married Duke Wladyslaw Jagiello of Lithuania to form a strong nation – Political power shifts from monarch to nobles Vote of a single noble in the diet could veto a law – Lack of a strong central government led to decline – King Jan Sobieski broke Ottoman siege of Vienna

Three Kingdoms Emerge Magyars Rule Hungary – Magyars: Warriors from Central Asia – Adopted Roman Catholic Christianity – Golden Bull of 1222: King signed charter recognizing nobles’ rights – Weakened by Mongol invasion – Conquered by Ottoman Turks in 1526

Three Kingdoms Emerge Serbs Establish a Balkan Kingdom – Serbs descended from South Slavs – Mostly practiced Orthodox Christianity – Ruler Stefan Dusan adopted Byzantine culture – Conquered by Ottoman Turks in 1389 Stefan Dusan