Geomorphology within the Canterbury Coastline

Faulting Folding Volcanism Glaciation Rivers Coastal Formation of the Canterbury Plains

Key: Geology SchistGreywacke Sandstone Limestone BasaltAlluvium/ Outwash gravels Key: Processes Glaciers Rivers

Earth Building Processes What processes are responsible for Earth Building? - Faulting - Folding - Volcanism

FAULTING -Faulting is the __________ of parts of the earths surface along ______ ______. -Faulting can cause land to shift ________, __________ and __________. -A NZ example of faulting is the _______ ______, faulting here created the _________ _____. movement Fault Lines upwards downwards side ways Alpine Fault Southern Alps

Types of Faulting 1. NORMAL FAULTING:

1929 Murchison Earthquake Maruia Falls

Types of Faulting 2. LATERAL OR TEAR FAULT:

Types of Faulting 3. DOWN-DROPPED AND UPLIFT FAULTS:

FOLDING -Folding is the process when soft rock is pushed by _____ rock that is moved by pressures from deep within the earth. -Folding causes the land to have a ripple effect, this forms _____ and ______. -A NZ example of this is the foot hills of the Southern Alps hard hillsvalleys

FOLDING Hard Rocks Soft Sedimentary Rocks Pressure caused by Tectonic processes

VOLCANISM -Volcanism is the process when the earths super heated liquid interior breaks through weak points in the _____. -Volcanic mountains are formed by the build up of many layers of _____ or ____ ejected over many years. -A NZ example of this is _____ _________ crust lava Banks Peninsula ash

How Volcanoes are formed PLATE The Plate Melts Weak spot in the crust Hot magma forced out

Earth Building Processes in the South Island KEY: - Alpine Fault - Southern Alps (Faulting) - Foothills (Folding) - Banks Peninsula (Volcanism) - Line A - B A B

Cross Section of the South Island PACIFIC INDO - AUSTRALIAN Subduction Zone Faulting Folding Volcanism

The map and 3D cross section shows us: 1.All 3 earth building processes are occuring in the South Island. 2.The ___ - ________ plate is sinking beneath the ______ plate. 3.This is called ________, this process creates the Volcanic landform of ______ _________. 4.The _________ _____ have been formed by the _______ along the _______ faultline. 5.The _________ foothills have been formed by _________.

Earth Shaping Processes What processes are responsible for Earth Shaping? - Glaciers - Ice - Rivers - Water - Wind All of these processes are erosive

The Process of Erosion 1.Erosion (Weathering) – the breaking off and wearing away of the land by chemical processes through rain, by the activity of ice and frost shattering, and by landslips caused by heavy rain. 2.Transportation – of material, usually down slope 3.Deposition – of material to form a new landform, eg a flood plain is formed near a river where alluvium (silt, mud, rock and stones deposited by rivers) is deposited. EROSION (Pick up) TRANSPORTATION (Carry) DEPOSITION (Drop off)

The Formation of a Glacier KEY: Direction of Movement Snow turned to ice Ice Moraine 1 2 3

Stages of the Diagram 1.Snow falls and builds up in the Neve. Downward pressure turns the snow to ice. 2.The massive weight of the ice begins to erode the underlying rock. Frost shattering and ice plucking occur. 3.The Glacier continues to move down the valley due to gravity. It is constantly eroding.

How have Rivers shaped the Canterbury Plains? The Formation of a River A rivers source is the place at which it begins to flow, in our case this is where the water is collected in a catchment area. The catchment area is a large area where the high rainfall is collected and with the help of melting glaciers rivers are formed. A river does three types of work, -it _______, -it _________ and -it ________. Over time these processes form three very different landforms. Erodes Transports Deposits

The Three Stages of a River EROSION – Steep slope, narrow base TRANSPORTATION – Moderate slope, broader base DEPOSITION – Gentle slope, wide base River Characteristics

Landforms that have been created by Rivers Alluvial Fan An Alluvial fan has a centre point at the exit from a valley and creates a landform resembling a Japanese fan. As the central point remains fixed the river moves back and forth like a pendulum.

Alluvial Fan This has been formed by a stream or river exiting a valley and depositing its load in a fan shape. Alluvial fans can vary in size from a few metres to many kilometres.

Alluvial Fan

Key: Geology SchistGreywacke Sandstone Limestone BasaltAlluvium/ Outwash gravels Key: Processes Glaciers Rivers

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River Characteristics River FeatureUpper ZoneMiddle ZoneLower Zone Long Profile Valley Shape River Channel Deposition Erosion Main method of Load Transport Load Type H L H H L H L Solution Suspension Saltation Traction SILT SAND GRAVEL STONE ROCK

FOLDING

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