Landforms Earthquakes. Mountains A mass of rock rising more than 600 meters above the surrounding land Relief.

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Presentation transcript:

Landforms Earthquakes

Mountains A mass of rock rising more than 600 meters above the surrounding land Relief

Fold Mountain formation

Appalachian Mountains

Rocky Mountains

Alps

Himalaya Mountains

Fault-Block Mountain formation

Fault Block Mountain Ranges are cause by a series of normal faults

Sierra Nevada Mountains, CA

Grand Tetons, WY

Wasatch Mountains, Utah

When the Earth SHAKES Earthquakes

Volcanic eruptions can cause earthquakes but most earthquakes are caused by FAULTING

The Elastic Rebound Theory was first proposed by American geologist Harry Fielding Reid after the 1906 San Francisco Earthquake

Seismic Waves are waves of vibration sent out in all directions from the FOCUS

Focus The point below the surface where the rock layers break and move Epicenter The point on the surface, directly above the focus. Where the greatest damage usually occurs

Measuring Earthquakes

Charles Richter

Early Seismograph Newton’s First Law

Seismograph- the machine that measures earthquake waves

Seismogram – the recorded information of earthquake waves

The Richter Scale is based on MAGNITUDE

Each # is TEN TIMES larger than the # before it… Magnitude 1 Magnitude 2 Magnitude 3

Pennies as an example: Mag. 1 = 1 penny Mag. 2 = 10 pennies Mag 3 = 100 pennies Mag. 4 = 1000 pennies Mag. 5 = 10,000 pennies Mag. 6 = 100,000 pennies Mag. 7 = 1,000,000 pennies Mag. 8 = 10,000,000 pennies Mag. 9 = 100,000,000 pennies Mag. 10 = 1,000,000,000 pennies (that’s $10 million in pennies!!)

Richter Magnitudes Earthquake Effects Less than 3.5 Generally not felt Often felt, little damage Under 6.0 Slight damage to buildings Can be destructive to about 100 km Major earthquake. Can cause serious damage 8 or greater Large earthquake. Serious damage for hundreds of km

Anatomy of a basic wave

Crest – the highest point on a wave (A, F) Trough – the lowest point on a wave (D, I) Amplitude – the distance between the midpoint & crest or trough Wavelength – distance between any two successive points on a wave Frequency - # of vibrations/ second (Hertz)

Types of Seismic Waves

Body Waves are waves that travel through the body of the earth Surface waves only travel along the surface of earth

Body Waves

Primary Waves AKA P-Wave Type of Longitudinal Wave Causes back and forth motion Follows the same direction as the energy transfer

P-Waves Type of COMPRESSIONAL wave (like sound) Will travel through solid, liquid or gas Travels at: 7.8 – 8.5 kps in mantle 7.2 kps in oceanic crust 3.5 kps in continental crust

Primary Wave

Secondary Wave AKA S-Wave Particle motion is perpendicular to direction of energy transfer Transverse or Shear Wave Will travel only through solids Travels 4 – 5 kps

Secondary Wave

Surface Waves

Love Wave

Recent evidence show s that L-Waves attenuate (gradually disappear) more slowly in older rock (eastern US) and more quickly in younger rock (western US) Two main types of surface waves: Love Wave Rayleigh Wave

Love Waves travel less than 4 kps Move side-to-side; like a snake Causes the most damage

Seismogram with the P- Wave, S-Wave and L-Wave

Seismic Risk in the US

Triangulation

Refraction

Refraction of seismic waves within the Earth

Zone between about 105 degrees & 145 degrees is the Shadow Zone

105 degrees 145 degrees Focus