Methods of conservation LO 1: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each LO 2: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation

RESTORATION OF DEGRADED AREAS LO 1: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each RESTORATION OF DEGRADED AREAS Filling up holes by establishing artificial lakes Introducing plants that are resistant to heavy metals Establishing game parks

PROMOTE RECOVERY OF SPECIES LO 1: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each PROMOTE RECOVERY OF SPECIES Breeding programmers Eradication of limiting factors including alien species Education of public

CONTROL OF EXPLOITATION LO 1: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each CONTROL OF EXPLOITATION Introduce rules and legislation to control hunting and fishing industries. Control logging and land clearing of tropical rain forests. Control the trade in wildlife.

In situ versus Ex situ In situ: LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each In situ versus Ex situ In situ: Conservation of species in their natural habitat E.g. natural parks, nature reserves Ex situ: Conserving species in isolation of their natural habitat E.g. zoos, botanical gardens, seed banks

IN SITU CONSERVATION Species kept in their own natural habitat. Area out of bounds for humans and their activities. Projects carried out to encourage species revival.

LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each In situ conservation Setting up wild life reserves is not just a matter of building a fence around an area and letting it grow “wild” Without grazing animals heathlands which contain a number of rare species will revert to woodland

Nature reserves and national parks LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Nature reserves and national parks Identify area Delimit Surveys - key species Property may have to be expropriated Legal framework - control human activities Policing the area may also be necessary Restoring Alien species eliminated Constant management Arrest natural succession

LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Size and corridors

Babbs Mill Large Map Babbs Mill Large Map Babbs Mill Large Map                      Babbs Mill Large Map                      Babbs Mill Large Map                      Cannock Chase Sutton park Kingsbury Water Park

Buffer zones and edge effect LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Buffer zones and edge effect Park Buffer zone Brown-headed cowbird – western USA

The advantages of in situ conservation LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each The advantages of in situ conservation Resources - adapted too Evolve in their environment Space Bigger breeding populations Cheaper Wordpress.com

LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Problems Sciencemuseum.org It is difficult to control illegal exploitation (e.g. poaching) The environment may need restoring and alien species are difficult to control Japanese Knot weed Ragwort Giant hogweed

EX SITU CONSERVATION Zoos Captive breeding programmers LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each EX SITU CONSERVATION Zoos Captive breeding programmers Botanical gardens Seed banks

Ex situ conservation Captive breeding LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Ex situ conservation Captive breeding The Hawaiian goose was practically extinct in the wild 12 birds were taken into captivity A population of 9000 was released back into the wild The experiment failed. Why? State Symbols USA

Pere David’s deer success or failure? LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Pere David’s deer success or failure? Pere David’s deer was a native species of China In 1865 18 were taken into zoological collections Meanwhile it became extinct in the wild By 1981 there were 994 individuals scattered through zoological collections America Zoo

LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Ex situ conservation Captive breeding of endangered species is a last resort reached the point where their populations would not recover in the wild It works well for species that are easily bred in captivity Isolated in captivity they do not evolve with their environment

Zoos: The land of the living dead? LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Zoos: The land of the living dead? Small gene pool - Inbreeding is a serious problem Solution: exchanging specimens or by artificial insemination In vitro fertilisation Natural habitat may have disappeared

LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Botanical gardens Originally role - economic, pharmaceutical and aesthetic Range of species limited Distribution of botanical gardens - distribution of colonial powers Most are found in Europe and North America But plant diversity is greatest in the tropics

LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each Seed banks Seeds can be maintained for decades or even centuries if the conditions are controlled <5% humidity and –20°C Not all species are suited to this treatment Seeds need to be regularly germinated to renew stock or the seeds will eventually loose their viability Seed banks are at risk from power failure, natural disasters and war Duplicate stocks can be maintained Seeds kept in seed banks do not evolve with changes in the environment © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

The doomsday vault - Spitzbergen LO: explain the methods of conservation and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each The doomsday vault - Spitzbergen BBC Bergen Nat Acc of Arts

INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation INTERNATIONAL AGENCIES IUCN – International union for the Conservation of Nature CITES – Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora WWF – World Wide Fund for nature

CITES The Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation CITES The Convention in International Trade in Endangered Species Set up in 1988 to control and encourage the sustainable exploitation of species determines the status of a species whether or not its exploitation requires regulation Species placed into different appendices depending on their status

LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Trade Database 500,000 records of trade in CITES-listed species of wildlife are reported annually.

CITES Appendices Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation CITES Appendices Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only Species are reassessed every 2 years © 2008 Paul Billiet ODWS

Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Appendix 1: Total ban on exploitation                                                                                                          

Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas. LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Appendix 2: Limited exploitation subject to quotas.                                                                                                                                                      

Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Appendix 3: Species requiring protection in certain states only

WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature formerly World Wildlife Fund) LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation WWF (World Wide Fund for Nature formerly World Wildlife Fund) Set up in 1961 as a non-governmental organisation Raises funds for conservation Lobbies parliaments for conservation Runs education programmes Provides advice to government conservation agencies Raises awareness on conservation issues

Conservation Efforts Biology and ecology advancement WWF-Chinese g LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Conservation Efforts Biology and ecology advancement WWF-Chinese g government survey 300 Staff

RIO CONVENTION ON BIODIVESITY Environmental treaty between countries. Global consensus and political commitment to sustainable development. Recognizes the link between biodiversity conservation and development.

OVERALL OBJECTIVES Conservation of biodiversity LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation OVERALL OBJECTIVES Conservation of biodiversity Sustainable use of components Fair sharing of benefits arising from utilization, including genetic resources.

LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation

Founded 1971 by anti war protestors Issue – nuclear weapons testing LO: Discuss, with examples, the impact of National and International organisations and legislation concerned with conservation Founded 1971 by anti war protestors Issue – nuclear weapons testing

Reimannian Maths The Problem An explorer walks one mile due south, then one mile due east, turns and walks one mile due north. Amazingly, he ends up where he started. He sees a bear. What colour is the bear?