Animals Kingdom Animalia

Invertebrates No backbone 95% of all animal species Examples: – Sponges – Cnidaria (jellyfish) – Worms – Mollusks – Arthropods (insects, crabs, etc.) – Echinoderms (starfish)

Vertebrates Animals with backbones Examples: – Cartilaginous fish (sharks and rays) – Bony fish – Amphibians (frogs, toads, salamanders, caecilians) – Reptiles (lizards, turtles, snakes) – Birds – Mammals (skunk, whales, humans)

Homeostasis Thermoregulation – regulating body temperature Hormone regulation – regulating release of hormones Water regulation – maintaining certain water concentration Nitrogenous waste removal – removing toxic wastes

Thermoregulation Ectothermic = cannot regulate body temperature; internal temperature is same as environment – Cold-blooded – All animals except birds and mammals Endothermic = can produce internal heat; heat produced by metabolism of food – Warm-blooded – Birds and mammals

Hormone Regulation Hormones control – Metabolism – Blood sugar – Growth – Fight or flight – Menstrual cycle – Gender characteristics – And more!

Water Regulation Marine animals maintain water concentration similar to their environment – Fish take salt in and out of gills to regulate water Other animals have kidneys that regulation water concentrations

Nitrogenous Waste Removal Ammonia is produced by animals – Toxic!!! Fish secrete N-waste as ammonia – Requires lots of water Birds/Reptiles secrete N-waste as uric acid – Requires little water Mammals secrete N-waste as urea – Requires some water

Types of Animals Insects Annelid worms Amphibians Reptiles/Birds Mammals

Insects

Invertebrates Classified as Arthropods – Segmented body, exoskeleton, and jointed appendages Other types of arthropods

Anatomy 3 body segments – Head: with antennae and two eyes (compound eyes- effective at detecting movement) – Thorax: 6 legs and 2 pairs of wings – Abdomen: contains insect organs Tracheal tubes –allow air to enter the body; oxygen then travels directly to cells

Anatomy Exoskeleton = outer covering (made of protein and chitin) that supports and protects the body

Nutrition Nutrition = various diets for different insects – Plants/plant products – Animals (ex. fleas and mosquitoes) – Decaying animal bodies or animal waste

Feeding Mouthparts are adapted to the type of food: – Butterfly has long tube to “drink” nectar – Ants have sharp mouthparts for cutting wood and seeds

Senses Compound eyes = detects movement Chemical receptors = on mouthparts antennae, and legs to detect taste and smell Hairs on legs detect slight movements in air or water

Life Cycles Development metamorphosis : 2 types – Incomplete (ex. grasshopper) Egg  nymph  adult – Complete (ex. butterfly) Egg  larvae  pupa  adult

Fun Fact! Beware the Bot Fly! – Bot flies use mosquitoes to carry their eggs to a host. – The mosquitoes inject the host with the eggs. – Eggs grow to maturity underneath the skin.

Annelid Worms

Segmented worms 2 classes – Oligochaetes = live in soil or freshwater (earthworms) – Hirudineates = such blood and body fluids form host (leeches) – Polychaetes = live in ocean (sandworms and bloodworms)

Anatomy Invertebrates Long narrow body without legs Have septa (walls that separate segments) Closed circulation (blood vessels)  no “true” heart

Digestion Feeding methods: filter-feeding, capture and eat – Some are parasitic

Digestion Earthworm digestion: Mouth  esophagus  crop (stores food)  gizzard (grinds food)  intestines (food absorbed)  waste

Respiration and Reproduction Respiration: Breath through skin (moist environments) Reproduction: Most asexually; earthworms are hermaphrodites (fertilize each other)

Benefits Beneficial to plants – dig tunnels through the ground to allow beneficial bacterial and water to penetrate

Movement 2 sets of muslces – One set contracts to make worm shorter and fatter – Other set contracts to make it longer and thinner Movement by alternately contracting both muscles

Harmful Worms Parasitic worms: – Tapeworms – Roundworms – Hookworms – Pinworms Caught by contact with infested ground, infected animals, linens, or by eating undercooked (infected) meat Round worms Pinworms Hookworms