[BEGINNING OF INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION (Screens 6-17)]

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[BEGINNING OF INTERACTIVE PRESENTATION (Screens 6-17)] Screen 4. Screens 4-17 are part of Interactive chart to follow the static charts (Screens 1-3). Notes: Set “Unit 5. Modals to Express Degrees of Certainty” at top left of screen. Increase size of “Nosy Neighbors” and keep illo. See design notes. Cut all other text.

Nosy Neighbors 1 Honey, how can Mrs. Carson afford a Ferrari? Isn’t she a teacher? Well, she might have inherited some money from her family. Who knows? She may have gotten a big raise at work. I suppose. Or she could have won the lottery. I doubt it. She had to have robbed a bank! Screen 5 [Hard to read this screen as is, but I’m sure it’s just the way the screen was frozen when copied] You could be right.

Nosy Neighbors 2 Well, they couldn’t have gone on vacation. The dog is still there. I haven’t seen the Chins for a month. Or they might be staying with their son for a while. They may have been abducted by aliens. Hmmm. They must have moved to an exotic island. Screen 6 [Hard to read this screen as is, but I’m sure it’s just the way the screen was frozen when copied] Then they should be very happy.

Speculating about the Present Modals speculating about the present are followed by a base form verb. You could be right. base form verb Screen 7 Then they should be very happy.

Speculating about the Past Modals speculating about the past are followed by the past participle. She could have won the lottery. past participle Screen 8 She may have gotten a big raise.

Review Modals and modal-like expressions express degrees of certainty. Degree of Certainty certain near certainty near impossibility less certain no modal must have to have got to can’t couldn’t may might could Screen 9

Certainty The Chins went on vacation. Mrs. Carson got a raise. Modals and modal-like expressions express degrees of certainty. Don’t use a modal for 100% certainty. The Chins went on vacation. Screen 10 Mrs. Carson got a raise.

Near Certainty They must have moved to an exotic island. There are several modals that express near certainty, including must have and had to have. They must have moved to an exotic island. Screen 11 He had to have robbed a bank.

Near Impossibility They couldn’t have moved away. There are several modals that express near certainty that something is impossible, including couldn’t have and can’t. They couldn’t have moved away. They just moved here. Screen 12 They can’t be out of town. They left all the lights on!

Less Certainty They may have been abducted by aliens. There are several modals that express less certainty, including may, and might. They may have been abducted by aliens. Screen 13 They might be staying with their son.

Practice 1 Example: One of your classmates is late. Use modals to suggest reasons for these classroom situations. Speculate on what might have happened. Example: One of your classmates is late. She must have gotten stuck in traffic. There was a big accident. 1. You smell smoke. 2. The teacher is angry. Screen 14 [DL is set incorrectly on top...is it because of screen shot (for real animated screen I’m assuming it’ll be set correctly] 3. The desks are shaking. 4. You can’t find your textbook. 5. The lights go out.

Speculating about the Future 1 Modals speculating about the future are also followed by a base form verb. The modals should and ought to express near certainty. That Ferrari should last a lifetime. Screen 15 She ought to take us for a drive soon.

Speculating about the Future 2 Use may, might, and could when you are less certain. The Chins may not return. The house might get sold. Screen 16 They could move next month.

Practice 2 Use modals to express future possibilities about these present situations. Example: We shop for food at grocery stores. “Smart” kitchens might calculate what we need and order it electronically. In the future, household computers may do all our shopping. 1. Ordinary people don’t travel in space. 2. Houses are made of wood. Screen 17 [DL is set incorrectly on top...is it because of screen shot (for real animated screen I’m assuming it’ll be set correctly] 3. People pay for products with cash or credit cards. 4. Our fingerprints provide identification.