Vitamins Water-soluble

Water-soluble Vitamins Dissolve in water causing the unused amounts of these vitamins to leave your body along with body wastes. Dissolve in water causing the unused amounts of these vitamins to leave your body along with body wastes. Cannot be stored in your body and therefore you need to eat foods that supply these vitamins every day. Cannot be stored in your body and therefore you need to eat foods that supply these vitamins every day. B vitamins C

Group of vitamins that work together in your body. Group of vitamins that work together in your body. Thiamin (vitamin B 1 ), riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ), niacin. Thiamin (vitamin B 1 ), riboflavin (vitamin B 2 ), niacin. Help your body release energy from food. Help your body release energy from food. Promote growth, appetite, and digestion. Promote growth, appetite, and digestion. Keep your nervous system healthy and prevent irritability. Keep your nervous system healthy and prevent irritability. Keep your skin healthy. Keep your skin healthy. Sources: Whole grains and enriched breads and cereals, leafy green vegetables, legumes, meat, milk, and eggs.

NameRecommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary Sources Function Symptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Vitamin B 1

VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Vitamin B 2

VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Niacin

VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Vitamin B 6

VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Pantothenic acid

VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Folic acid

PABA

VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Biotin

VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

Biotin: Vitamin H

Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin B 6 (pyridoxine) 2.2 mg (2.0 mg) Whole grains, glandular meats, milk, eggs Coenzyme for amino acid and fatty acid metabolism Convulsions in infants, skin disorders in adults Vitamin B 12 (cyanocobalamin) 3  g Liver, brain, kidney; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzymes in nucleic acid, amino acid, and fatty acid metabolism Pernicious anemia, retarded growth Pantothenic acid4-7 mg b Yeast, meats, whole grains, legumes, milk, vegetables, fruits Forms part of coenzyme-A (CoA) Neuromotor, digestive, and cardiovascular disorders Folacin C (folic acid) 0.4 mgYeast, leafy vegetables, liver, fruits, wheat germ Coenzymes in nucleic acid and amino acid metabolism Anemia, inhibition of cell division, digestive disorders Biotin mg b Liver, egg yolk, legumes; Synthesized by bacteria int he gut Part of enzymes important in carbohydrate and fat metabolism Skin disorders, anorexia, mental depression Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

corin nucleus benzylimidazole cobalt coordinated Vitamin B 12

VitaminDeficiency symptoms CoenzymeReaction catalyzed B 1, thiamineBeri-beri, polyneuritis Thiamin pyrophosphateCleavage or formation of carbon- carbon bonds adjacent to carbonyl carbon atoms B 2, riboflavinDermatitis, impaired growth and reproduction Flavin mononucleotide (FMN); flavin ardenine dinucleotide (FAD) Oxidation-reductions including hydride anion transfer, one electron transfer Nicotinic acidPellagra, dermatitis, black tongue (in dogs) Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD + ); nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NADP + ) Oxidation-reductions involving hydride anion transfer Pantothenic acid Neurological problems Coenzyme ATransfer of acyl groups B 6, pyridoxineNeurological disorders, dermatitis Pyrodoxal phospateTransamination, decarboxylation, racemization BiotinNone demonstrated in absence of avidin; with avidin, dermatitis Biotin carboxyl-carrier proteinCarboxylation, transcarboxylation Folic acidAnemiaTetrahydrofolic acidTransfer of one-carbon units Vitamin B 12 Pernicious anemiaCoenzyme B 12 Rearrangements Coenzyme vitamins

Vitamin C Helps produce a substance that holds body cells together. Helps produce a substance that holds body cells together. Helps broken bones mend and wounds heal. Helps broken bones mend and wounds heal. Strengthens the walls of blood vessels. Strengthens the walls of blood vessels. Helps your body use some other nutrients. Helps your body use some other nutrients. Helps you resist infections and maintain healthy gums, skin, and teeth. Helps you resist infections and maintain healthy gums, skin, and teeth. Sources: Many fruits and vegetables such as citrus fruits, cantaloupe, strawberries, broccoli, and tomatoes.

Name Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA) a Dietary SourcesFunctionSymptoms of Deficiency Vitamin C (ascorbic acid) 60 mgCitrus fruits, leafy vegetables, tomatoes, potatoes, cabbage Synthesis of collagen, amino acid metabolism Scurvy, bleeding gums, loosened teeth, swollen joints Vitamin B 1 (thiamine) 1.5 mg (1.1 mg) Whole grains, organ meats, legumes, nuts, pork Coenzyme in carbohydrate metabolism Beriberi, heart failure, mental disturbances Vitamin B 2 (riboflavin) 1.7 mg (1.3 mg) Milk, eggs, liver, leafy vegetables; synthesized by bacteria in the gut Coenzyme in oxidation reactions Fissures of the skin, visual disturbances, anemia Niacin (nicotinic acid) 19 mg (14 mg) Yeast, liver, lean meat, fish, whole grains, eggs, peanuts NAD, NADP, coenzymes in redox reactions Pellegra, skin lesions, diarrhea, dementia Water-soluble Vitamins Required in Human Nutrition

History of the Vitamins VitaminDiscoveryIsolationStructure Elucidated Synthesis Vitamin A Provitamin A Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K Vitamin B Vitamin B Niacin Vitamin B Vitamin B Folic acid Panthothenic acid Biotin Vitamin C

Vitamin C

Periods in Vitamin Research

Vitamin E *Chain-breaking antioxidant Fat-soluble*Free radical scavenger phase*Singlet oxygen quencher *Efficient at high oxygen pressure Beta-carotene*Singlet oxygen quencher Fat-soluble*Chain-breaking antioxidant phase*Free radical scavenger *Efficient at low oxygen pressure Vitamin C *Free radical scavenger Water-soluble*Singlet oxygen quencher phase *Regeneration of vitamin E Antioxidant Functions