The Skeletal System Slide 5.1 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Parts of the skeletal system  ____________________________________  Divided into two divisions  ____________________________________

Functions of Bones Slide 5.2 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _____________________ of the body  ____________________ of soft organs  __________________ due to attached skeletal muscles  _______________ of minerals and fats  ________________________________

Bones of the Human Body Slide 5.3 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The skeleton has _________________  Two basic types of bone tissue  ________________  Homogeneous  ________________  Small needle-like pieces of bone  Many open spaces Figure 5.2b

Classification of Bones Slide 5.4a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Long bones  __________________________________ Examples: Femur, humerus

Classification of Bones Slide 5.4b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Short bones  __________________________________  Examples: Carpals, tarsals

Classification of Bones Slide 5.5a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Flat bones  __________________________________  __________________________________ __________________________________  Examples: Skull, ribs, sternum

Classification of Bones Slide 5.5b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Irregular bones  __________________________________  __________________________________ __________________________________  Example: Vertebrae and hip

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Slide 5.6 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ________________  Shaft  Composed of compact bone  ________________  Ends of the bone  Composed mostly of spongy bone Figure 5.2a

Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.7 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ________________  Outside covering of the diaphysis  Fibrous connective tissue membrane  ________________  Secure periosteum to underlying bone  ________________  Supply bone cells with nutrients Figure 5.2c

Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ______________  Covers the external surface of the epiphyses  Made of hyaline cartilage  Decreases friction at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a

Structures of a Long Bone Slide 5.8b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ________________  Cavity of the shaft  Contains yellow marrow (mostly fat) in adults  Contains red marrow (for blood cell formation) in infants Figure 5.2a

Bone Markings Slide 5.9 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  __________________________ of bones  ________________________ for muscles, tendons, and ligaments  ___________ for nerves and blood vessels  Categories of bone markings  ___________________ – grow out from the bone surface  ___________________ – indentations

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide 5.10a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _____________________________________  A unit of bone  _____________________________________  Opening in the center of an osteon  Carries blood vessels and nerves  _____________________________________  Canal perpendicular to the central canal  Carries blood vessels and nerves

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide 5.11a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ________________  Cavities containing bone cells (osteocytes)  Arranged in concentric rings  ________________  Rings around the central canal  Sites of lacunae Figure 5.3

Microscopic Anatomy of Bone Slide 5.11b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _______________  Tiny canals  Radiate from the central canal to lacunae  Form a transport system Figure 5.3

Changes in the Human Skeleton Slide 5.12 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  In embryos, the skeleton is primarily hyaline cartilage  During development, much of this cartilage is replaced by bone  Cartilage remains in isolated areas  _____________________________________

Bone Growth Slide 5.13a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _____________________ allow for growth of long bone during childhood  _________________ is continuously formed  _________________ becomes ossified  Cartilage is broken down  Bone replaces cartilage

Bone Growth Slide 5.13b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones are remodeled and lengthened until ____________________________  Bones change shape somewhat  Bones grow in _______________________

Types of Bone Cells Slide 5.15 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ____________________________________  Mature bone cells  ____________________________________  Bone-forming cells  ____________________________________  Bone-destroying cells  Break down bone matrix for remodeling and release of calcium  Bone remodeling is a process by both ______________ and __________________

Bone Fractures Slide 5.16 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  A break in a bone  Types of bone fractures  ________________________ – break that does not penetrate the skin  ________________________ – broken bone penetrates through the skin  Bone fractures are treated by _________ and ___________________  Realignment of the bone

Repair of Bone Fractures Slide 5.18 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  1.Hematoma (blood-filled swelling) is formed  2.Break is splinted by fibrocartilage to form a callus  3.Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a bony callus  4.Bony callus is remodeled to form a permanent patch

The Axial Skeleton Slide 5.20a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Forms the __________________ part of the body  Divided into three parts  ________________________________

The Skull Slide 5.21a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Two sets of bones  ________________________________  Bones are joined by ______________  Only the ________________ is attached by a freely movable joint

Paranasal Sinuses Slide 5.25a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ Figure 5.10

Paranasal Sinuses Slide 5.25b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Functions of paranasal sinuses  __________________________________ Figure 5.10

The Hyoid Bone Slide 5.26 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _______________ _______________ _______________ _______________  Serves as a moveable base for the ____________ Figure 5.12

The Fetal Skull Slide 5.27a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ _____________ Figure 5.13

The Fetal Skull Slide 5.27b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Fontanelles – ________________ ________________ ________________  ________________ ________________  ________________ ________________ ________________ Figure 5.13

The Vertebral Column Slide 5.28 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Vertebrae separated by _______________  The spine has a normal curvature  Each vertebrae is given a name according to its _______________ Figure 5.14

The Bony Thorax Slide 5.31a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _________ _________ _________ _________ _________ Figure 5.19a

The Bony Thorax Slide 5.31b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Made-up of three parts  ________  ________ ________ Figure 5.19a

The Appendicular Skeleton Slide 5.32a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ______________________________

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Girdle Slide 5.33 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Composed of two bones  __________________________________  These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally ________________

Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The arm is formed by a single bone  ___________ Figure 5.21a, b

Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.35b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings The forearm has two bones ____________ Figure 5.21c

Bones of the Upper Limb Slide 5.36 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The hand  ____________  ____________ ____________  ____________ ____________ ____________ Figure 5.22

Bones of the Pelvic Girdle Slide 5.37 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _____________________________________  Composed of three pair of fused bones  ______________________  The total weight of the upper body rests on the _____________________  Protects several organs  _____________________________________

Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.40a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The thigh has one bone  ___________ ___________ Figure 5.35a, b

Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.40b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The leg has two bones  ___________ Figure 5.35c

Bones of the Lower Limbs Slide 5.41 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  The foot  ___________  ___________ ___________ Figure 5.25

Arches of the Foot Slide 5.42 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bones of the foot are arranged to form ________ strong arches  _____________ _____________  _____________ Figure 5.26

Joints Slide 5.43 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _______________________________  Functions of joints  __________________________________  Ways joints are classified  __________________________________

Functional Classification of Joints Slide 5.44 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Synarthroses – ___________________  Amphiarthroses – ________________________________ ________________________________  Diarthroses – ____________________

Structural Classification of Joints Slide 5.45 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _______________________________  Generally immovable  _______________________________  Immovable or slightly moveable  _______________________________  Freely moveable

Fibrous Joints Slide 5.46 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ____________________________  Examples  _____________  Allows more movement than sutures  Example: distal end of tibia and fibula Figure 5.27d, e

Cartilaginous Joints Slide 5.47 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  _________________________________  Examples  ______________ ______________ Figure 5.27b, c

Synovial Joints Slide 5.48 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Articulating bones are separated by a ____________ ____________  Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.27f–h

Features of Synovial Joints Slide 5.49 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ________________________________ ________________________________  ________________________________

Structures Associated with the Synovial Joint Slide 5.50 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  ______________ – flattened fibrous sacs  _____________________________________  _________________  _____________________________________

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Slide 5.53 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Bursitis – ____________________________________ ____________________________________  Tendonitis – __________________________  Arthritis – ____________________________________ ____________________________________  Over 100 different types  The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide 5.54a Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Osteoarthritis  _____________________________________  Rheumatoid arthritis  _____________________________________ _____________________________________  _____________________________________

Clinical Forms of Arthritis Slide 5.54b Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  Gouty Arthritis  ___________________________________ ___________________________________  ___________________________________

Developmental Aspects of the Skeletal System Slide 5.55 Copyright © 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings  At birth, the skull bones are __________  Bones are joined by fibrous membranes – ___________________________  Fontanelles are completely replaced with bone within two years after birth