The Skeletal System Objectives: 1.Be able to describe the functions and general anatomy of bones 2.Be able to classify different type of bones and joints 3.Be able to identify all the major bones in the human body 4.Be able to explain common problems of the skeletal system, such as broken bones and arthritis

The Skeletal System Parts of the skeletal system Divided into two divisions

Highlight the axial skeleton 1 color and the appendic ular another color.

Functions of Bones ______________________of the body Protection _____________________ _________________ Storage of _______________ and _____ _______ formation

Bones of the Human Body The adult skeleton has ______ bones Two basic types of bone tissue –_____________ _______________ –___________ _________________ _______________ Figure 5.2b

________________________: supporting connective tissue that contains specialized cells and a matrix consisting of extracellular protein fibers and a ground substance

How many bones in human skeleton?

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

Classification of Bones Long bones –- Examples: Short bones –- –Contain mostly _______ bone Examples:

Classification of Bones Flat bones –- Examples: Irregular bones –- –Do not fit into ____________ bone classification categories Example:

Classification of Bones on the Basis of Shape Figure 5.1

Sesamoid Bones Bones that are embedded in a tendon –Knee, wrist, thumb, hallux (big toe): »Function?Function The mystery of the Giant Panda: – &

Gross Anatomy of a Long Bone Diaphysis –- Epiphysis –- Figure 5.2a

Structures of a Long Bone Periosteum –___________ of the diaphysis –Fibrous ________________ membrane Arteries –Supply bone cells with_____________ Figure 5.2c

2 Types of Bone Compact: Spongy:

Bone Growth Epiphyseal plates allow for growth of long bone during childhood –____________ is continuously formed –____________becomes ossified (ossification) Cartilage is broken down Bone replaces cartilage Bones are remodeled and lengthened until growth stops –-- –-

Structures of a Long Bone Articular cartilage –Covers the external surface of the epiphyses –Made of ________ –Decreases _____ at joint surfaces Figure 5.2a

Structures of a Long Bone Medullary cavity –Cavity of the shaft –Contains _________ in adults –__________________ _______________ in infants Figure 5.2a

Long Bone Formation and Growth Figure 5.4a

Bone Fractures A break in a bone Types of bone fractures –Closed (simple) fracture – –Open (compound) fracture –

Features of Bone Osteocytes: Lacunae: Lamellae: lacunae are found between narrow sheets of calcified matrix Canaliculi:

Compact and Spongy Bone Basic Functional Unit of Compact Bone: Basic Unit of Spongy:

Figure 6.5 Figure 6.5 The Distribution of Forces on a Long Bone

Cells in Bone Osteocytes: mature bone cells Osteoclasts: giant cells that take down/dissolve bony matrix Osteoblasts: build Production of new bone: ossification

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Epiphyseal line

Figure 6.9 Figure 6.9 Bone Growth at an Epiphyseal Cartilage

With a partner Identify the 4 general shapes of bones 2. How would the strength of a bone be affected if the ratio of collagen to calcium increased? 3. Mature bone cells are known as ____________, bone-building cells are called _________________, and ____________are bone-resorbing cells. 4. If the activity of osteoclasts exceeds that of osteoblasts in a bone, how will the mass of the bone be affected?

The role of exercise Heavily stressed bones become stronger and thicker Bones not subjected to ordinary stresses become thin and brittle –Ex:

Common Types of Fractures Table 5.2

Fracture Bone breaks or cracks! What are the 2 main types? –1. –2.

Repair of Bone Fractures 1) 2. MITOSIS! 3. Fibrocartilage callus is replaced by a ______________ 4. Bony callus is remodeled to form a _____________________

Stages in the Healing of a Bone Fracture Figure 5.5

Checking up... Why would you expect the arm bones of a weight lifter to be thicker and heavier than those of a jogger? What is the difference between a closed fracture and an open fracture?

The Axial Skeleton Forms the longitudinal part of the body Divided into three parts –Skull –Vertebral column –Bony thorax

The Vertebral Column Vertebrae separated by The spine is normally Each vertebrae is given a name Figure 5.14

9/19Think about it… What are the evolutionary advantages to having a vertebral column? Why is it designed as multiple parts? Why do we still have a tail bone?

Structure of a Typical Vertebra Figure 5.16

Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae: Cervical Figure 5.17a–b

Regional Characteristics of Vertebrae: Thoracic and Lumbar Figure 5.17c–d

The Thorax Forms a cage to protect major organs Figure 5.19a

The Thorax Made-up of three parts –1 –2 –3 Figure 5.19a

The Appendicular Skeleton Limbs (appendages) -

The Pectoral (Shoulder) Area Composed of two bones –Clavicle – collarbone –Scapula – shoulder blade These bones allow the upper limb to have exceptionally free movement

Bones of the Shoulder Figure 5.20a–b

Bones of the Shoulder Figure 5.20c–d

Bones of the Upper Limb Figure 5.21a–b The upper arm is formed by a single bone –-

Bones of the Upper Limb The forearm has two bones –Ulna –Radius Figure 5.21c

Bones of the Upper Limb The hand –Carpals – - –Metacarpals - –Phalanges – - Figure 5.22

Bones of the Pelvis ***** Composed of three pair of fused bones –1 –2 –3 The total weight of the upper body rests on the pelvis Protects several organs –1 –2 –3

The Pelvis Figure 5.23a

Gender Differences of the Pelvis Figure 5.23c

Bones of the Lower Limbs The thigh has one bone – Figure 5.24a–b

Bones of the Lower Limbs The foot –Tarsus – –Metatarsals – –Phalanges – Figure 5.25

Bones of the Lower Limbs The lower leg has two bones –1 –2 Figure 5.24c

Blood Calcium Regulation

Joints Where two bones come together Functions: –- Classification: –Fibrous joints - –Cartilaginous joints - –Synovial joints -

Maniken Joints 1) Fibrous Joint 2) Cartilaginous 3) Synovial

Fibrous Joints Bones united by fibrous tissue Examples –Sutures – –Syndesmoses Allows more movement than _______ Example: Figure 5.27a–b

Cartilaginous Joints Bones connected by _______ Examples –1. –2. Figure 5.27d–e

Synovial Joints Connecting bones are separated by a joint cavity Synovial fluid is found in the joint cavity Figure 5.24f–h

The Synovial Joint Figure 5.28

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29a–c

Types of Synovial Joints Based on Shape Figure 5.29d–f

Inflammatory Conditions Associated with Joints Bursitis – ______________________________ Tendonitis – Arthritis – –Over 100 different types –The most widespread crippling disease in the United States

Clinical Forms of Arthritis Osteoarthritis –Most –Probably –Rheumatoid arthritis –An autoimmune disease – –Symptoms begin with bilateral inflammation of certain joints –Often leads to Gouty Arthritis –Inflammation of joints –Can usually be controlled with diet