Audit Planning Chapter 8

Learning Objective 1 Discuss why adequate audit planning is essential.

Three Main Reasons for Planning 1. To obtain sufficient appropriate evidence for the circumstances To help keep audit costs reasonable To avoid misunderstanding with the client Obtaining sufficient appropriate evidence is essential if the CPA firm is to minimize legal liability and maintain a good reputation. Up front and regular communications with the client is a way to avoid misunderstandings and keep costs under control.

Three Main Reasons for Planning

Risk Terms Acceptable audit risk Inherent risk Acceptable audit risk is a measure of how willing the auditor is to accept that the financial statements may be materially misstated after the audit is completed and an unqualified opinion has been issued. Inherent risk is a measure of the auditor’s assessment of the likelihood that there are material misstatements in an account balance before considering the effectiveness of internal control. If inherent risk is high, more evidence will be accumulated in the audit of inventory and more experienced staff will be assigned to perform testing in this area.

Learning Objective 2 Make client acceptance decisions and perform initial audit planning.

Initial Audit Planning Client acceptance and continuance Identify client’s reasons for audit Obtain an understanding with the client Develop overall audit strategy The auditor decides whether to accept a new client or continue serving an existing one. Identifying the reasons for the audit is likely to affect the remaining parts of the planning process. The auditor also needs to obtain an understanding with the client about the terms of the engagement. The auditor develops an overall strategy for the audit including engagement staffing and any required audit specialists.

Client Acceptance and Continuance New client investigations If previously audited, the new auditor is required to communicate with the predecessor auditor Client permission required It is better to have no work than high risk, “bad work”. Annual client evaluations is the time to critically and honestly assess whether to continue associating with a particular client. Engagement risk, audit risk, detection risk and inherent risk are all factors that need to be considered. Continuing clients Annual evaluations whether to continue based on issues, fees, and client integrity

Identify Reasons for the Audit Two major factors affecting acceptable risk Likely statement users Intended uses of the statements Likely to accumulate more evidence for companies that are Publicly held Have extreme indebtedness Likely to be sold

Obtaining an Understanding with the Client Engagement terms should be understood between CPA and client. Standards require an engagement letter describing: objectives responsibilities of auditor and management schedules and fees Informs client that auditor cannot guarantee all acts of fraud will be discovered See figure 8-2

Develop Overall Audit Strategy Preliminary audit strategy should consider client’s business and industry material misstatement risk areas number of client locations past effectiveness of controls Preliminary strategy helps auditor determine resource requirements and staffing staff continuity need for specialists

Learning Objective 3 Gain an understanding of the client’s business and industry.

Understanding of the Client’s Business and Industry Client business risk is the risk that the client will fail to meet its objectives. Information technology Global operations Human capital

Understanding of the Client’s Business and Industry

Industry and External Environment Reasons for obtaining an understanding of the client’s industry and external environment: 1. Risks associated with specific industries 2. Inherent risks common to all clients in certain industries 3. Unique accounting requirements Business and industry risk may even affect the auditor’s decision against accepting engagements in riskier industries such as financial services or health insurance. Risks common to a particular industry may include inventory obsolescence, accounts receivable collection risk, reserve for losses in the casualty insurance industry. Unique accounting requirements are found in government entities, not-for-profit organizations, and railroads.

Business Operations and Processes Factors the auditor should understand: Major sources of revenue Key customers and suppliers Sources of financing Information about related parties

Tour the Plant and Offices Touring the physical facilities enables the auditor to assess asset safeguards and interpret accounting data related to assets.

Identify Related Parties Affiliated companies Principal owners of the client Any other party with which the client deals A party who can influence management or client policies A related party is defined as an affiliated company, a principal owner of the client company, or any other party with which the client deals, where one of the parties can influence the management or policies of the other.

Management and Governance Governance includes: Organizational structure Board activities Audit committee activities. Governance insights: Corporate charter and bylaws Code of ethics Meeting minutes Effective boards ensure the company takes only appropriate risks while the audit committee, through oversight of financial reporting, can reduce the likelihood of overly aggressive accounting. To gain an understanding of the client's governance system, the auditor should understand how the board and audit committee exercise oversight along with the following: The corporate charter Code of ethics Meeting minutes Management establishes the strategies and processes followed by the client’s business.

Code of Ethics In response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the SEC now requires each public company to disclose whether is has adopted a code of ethics that applies to senior management. The SEC also requires companies to disclose amendments and waivers to the code of ethics.

Client Objectives and Strategies Strategies are approaches followed by the entity to achieve organizational objectives. Auditors should understand client objectives. Financial reporting reliability Effectiveness and efficiency of operations Compliance with laws and regulations

Measurement and Performance The client’s performance measurement system includes key performance indicators. Examples: market share sales per employee unit sales growth Web site visitors same-store sales sales/square foot Performance measurement includes ratio analysis and benchmarking against key competitors.

Learning Objective 4 Assess client business risk.

Assess Client Business Risk Client business risk is the risk that the client will fail to achieve its objectives. What is the auditor’s primary concern? Material misstatements in the financial statements due to client business risk Auditor’s assessment of client business risk considers the industry and other external factors as well as the client’s business strategies processes and other internal factors.

Client’s Business, Risk, and Risk of Material Misstatement

Sarbanes-Oxley Act Management must certify it has designed disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information about business risks is made known to them. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that management certify it has designed disclosure controls and procedures to ensure that material information about business risks is made known to them It also requires that management certify it has informed the auditor and audit committee of any significant deficiencies in internal control. Management must certify it has informed the auditor and audit committee of any significant control deficiencies.

Learning Objective 5 Perform preliminary analytical procedures.

Preliminary Analytical Procedures Comparison of client ratios to industry or competitor benchmarks provides an indication of the company’s performance. Preliminary tests can reveal unusual changes in ratios. Auditors perform preliminary analytical procedures to better understand the client’s business and to assess client business risk.

Examples of Planning Analytical Procedures

Summary of the Parts of Auditing Planning A major purpose is to gain an understanding of the client’s business and industry. A major purpose is to gain an understanding of the client’s business and industry which is used to assess acceptable audit risk, client business risk and the risk of material misstatements in the financial statements.

Planning an Audit and Designing an Audit Approach Set materiality and assess acceptable audit risk and inherent risk. Understand internal control and assess control risk Gather information to assess fraud risks Develop overall audit plan and audit program

Learning Objective 6 State the purposes of analytical procedures and the timing of each procedure.

Analytical Procedures AU 329 emphasizes the expectations developed by the auditor. Required in the planning phase Often done during the testing phase Required during the completion phase Analytical procedures are defined by auditing standards as evaluations of financial information made by a study of plausible relationships among financial and nonfinancial data involving comparisons of recorded amounts to expectations developed by the auditor. Required in the planning phase to assist in determining the nature extent and timing of audit procedures. Analytical procedures are often done during the testing phase of the audit as a substantive test in support of account balances. Analytical procedures are also required during the completion phase of the audit. Typically, a senior partner with extensive knowledge of the client’s business conducts the analytical procedures during the final review of the audit files to identify possible oversights in an audit.

During the planning phase To assist in determining the nature, extent and timing of audit procedures Data used: Unaudited trial balance Extensive analysis using Quarterly financial statements

During the testing phase Done in conjunction with other audit procedures. Example: Tests of prepaid insurance The assurance provided by auditor depends on: the precision of his/her expectations, and the reliability of data used to build his her expectation the predictability of the relationship

During the completion phase For final review for material misstatements of financial problems Done by knowledgeable senior partner.

Timing and Purposes of Analytical Procedures

Learning Objective 7 Select the most appropriate analytical procedure from among the five major types.

Five Types of Analytical Procedures Compare client data with: 1. Industry data 2. Similar prior-period data 3. Client-determined expected results 4. Auditor-determined expected results 5. Expected results using nonfinancial data.

1- Compare Client and Industry Data 2009 2008 2009 2008 Inventory turnover 3.4 3.5 3.9 3.4 Gross margin 26.3% 26.4% 27.3% 26.2% The most important benefit of industry comparison are to aid in understanding the client's business and as an indication of the likelihood of financial failure.

1- Compare Client and Industry Data Advantages: Understand client business Identify likelihood of financial failure Disadvantages: Less likely to identify potential misstatements Difference in nature of client’s information and industry information The most important benefit of industry comparison are to aid in understanding the client's business and as an indication of the likelihood of financial failure.

2- Compare Client with similar prior-period data Examples: Compare the current year’s balance with that of the previous year Compare the details of a total balance with similar detail for the previous year. Table 8-2 next slide Compute ratios and percent relationships for comparison with previous years Common-size financial statements

Internal Comparisons

2- Compare Client Data with Similar Prior Period Data 2009 2008 (000) Prelim. % of Net sales (000) Prelim. % of Net sales Net sales $143,086 100.0 $131,226 100.0 Cost of goods sold 103,241 72.1 94,876 72.3 Gross profit $ 39,845 27.9 $ 36,350 27.7 Selling expense 14,810 10.3 12,899 9.8 Administrative expense 17,665 12.4 16,757 12.8 Other 1,689 1.2 2,035 1.6 Earnings before taxes $ 5,681 4.0 $ 4,659 3.5 Income taxes 1,747 1.2 1,465 1.1 Net income $ 3,934 2.8 $ 3,194 2.4

3- Comparing client with client-determined expected results investigate the most significant differences between budgeted and actual results as these areas may contain potential misstatements. Two concerns: whether the budgets were realistic plans current financial information was changed by client personnel.

4- Comparing client with auditor-determined expected results The auditor calculates the expected balance for comparison with the actual balance Figure 8-8 Calculation of interest rates for both short-term and long-term notes payable as a substantive test of the reasonableness of recorded interest expense.

5- Comparing client with auditor-determined expected results Hotel Total Revenues: from rooms by multiplying the number of rooms, the average daily rate for each room and the average occupancy rate. University tuitions: average tuition multiplied by enrollment Factory Payroll: (total hours worked times the wage rate.

Learning Objective 8 Compute common financial ratios.

Common Financial Ratios Short-term debt-paying ability Liquidity activity ratios Ability to meet long-term debt obligations Profitability ratios Activity ratios for accounts receivable and inventory are useful to auditors who often use trends in the accounts receivable turnover ratio to assess the reasonableness of the allowance for uncollectible accounts. Same concept applies to inventory turnover ratios and potentially obsolete inventory.

Short-term Debt-paying Ability Cash ratio = (Cash + Marketable securities) Current liabilities Quick ratio = (Cash + Marketable securities + Net accounts receivable) Current liabilities Current ratio = Current assets Current liabilities

Liquidity Activity Ratios Accounts receivable turnover = Net sales Average gross receivables Days to collect receivable = 365 days Accounts receivable turnover Inventory turnover = Cost of goods sold Average inventory Days to sell inventory = 365 days Inventory turnover

Ability to Meet Long-term Debt Obligation Debt to equity = Total liabilities Total equity Times interest earned = Operating income Interest expense

Profitability Ratios Earnings per share = Net income Average common shares outstanding Gross profit percent = (Net sales – Cost of goods sold) Net sales Profit margin = Operating income Net sales

Profitability Ratios Return on assets = Income before taxes Average total assets Return on common equity = (Income before taxes – Preferred dividends) Average stockholders’ equity

Summary of Analytical Procedures Compare ratios of recorded amounts to auditor expectations. Used in planning to understand client’s business and industry. Used throughout the audit to identify possible misstatements reduce detailed tests assess going-concern issues. They involve the computation of ratios and other comparisons of recorded amounts to auditor expectations. They are used in planning to understand the client’s business and industry. They are used throughout the audit to identify possible misstatements, reduce detailed tests, and to assess going-concern issues.

End of Chapter 8